И. В. Арнольд лексикология современного английского языка Издание

The present book has treated the specific features of the English word as a structure, both on the morphemic and semantic levels, and dealt with the English vocabulary as an adaptive system of contrasting and interrelated elements. The presentation of these is conceived on the basis of the theory of oppositions as initiated by N.S. Trubetzkoy and is described, partly at least, in set-theoretical terms.

The classical book on the theory of oppositions is the posthumous treatise by N.S. Trubetzkoy “Grundzuge der Phonologie”. The full significance and value of this work are now being realised and appreciated both in Soviet linguistics and abroad. Nevertheless, application of the theory of oppositions to linguistic analysis on levels other than that of phonology is far from being complete. One need hardly say that the present volume does not attempt to be definitive in its treatment of oppositions for lexicological description: quite considerable amount of research has already been done in some directions and very little in many others. Many points remain to be elucidated by future patient study and by collecting reliable factual evidence on which more general conclusions may then be built.

The special interest of contemporary science in methods of linguistic research extends over a period of about thirty years. The present status of principles and techniques in lexicology, although still far from satisfactory, shows considerable progress and an intense development.

The main procedures in use have been described in connection with the subject-matter they serve to investigate. They are the componential analysis, the contextological and valency analysis, analysis into immediate constituents, explanatory transformations based on dictionary definitions and different types of semantic oppositions helping to describe the vocabulary system.

Each of these techniques viewed separately has its limitations but taken together they complete one another, so that each successive procedure may prove helpful where the previous one has failed. We have considered these devices time and again in discussing separate aspects of the vocabulary system. All these are formalised methods in the sense that they replace the original words in the linguistic material sampled for analysis by symbols that can be discussed without reference to the particular elements they stand for, and then state precise rules for the combination and transformation of formulas thus obtained.

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It must be emphatically stressed that although the synchronic and diachronic treatments are set apart, and the focal point of interest is the present state of the English vocabulary, these two aspects are not divorced, and the constant development of the whole system is always kept in mind. It must be fully realised that the separation of the two aspects is only an abstraction necessary for heuristic purposes. Secondly, structural methods demand a rigorous separation of levels and a study of language as an autonomous system. This dogmatic thesis placed a burden upon research. In present-day Soviet linguistics the interrelation between different levels as well as between language and extralinguistic reality is taken as all-important.

Sociolinguistics which is now making great progress is concerned with linguistic differences and with the actual performances of individuals as members of specific speech communities. It concentrates on the correlation of linguistic features with values and attitudes in social life with the status of speakers and listeners in social network. It deals with coexistence in the same individual or the same group of speakers of several linguistic codes, resorted to according to language-use conventions of society, i.e. a more prestigious formal and conservative code is used for official purposes, the other for spontaneous informal conversation. As sociolinguistics is still in its infancy it was possible to include in the present book only a few glimpses of this new branch.

Recent years in” Soviet linguistics have undoubtedly seen great progress in lexicology coming from various schools with various aims and methods. It is outside the scope of the present book to reflect them all, it is to be hoped, however, that the student will watch current literature and retrieve the necessary information on points that will interest him.

The modern methods of vocabulary study have emerged from practical concerns, especially those of foreign language teaching, dictionary-making, and recently, from the needs of machine translation and information retrieval. Improvements and expansion in foreign language teaching called forth a new co-operation between didactics and linguistics. In this connection it is well to remember that many eminent linguists devoted a great deal of attention to problems of teaching languages: L.V. Shcherba, L. Bloomfield, Ch. Fries, O. Jespersen, E. Nida wrote monographs on these problems.

There has been a considerable growth of activity in the field of mathematical linguistics. Much of this is connected with computer-aided linguistics. We have attempted to show the usefulness of set-theoretical concepts for the study of vocabulary. We must be on our guard, however, against the idea that an attachment of mathematical symbols and

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A fresh departure in the study of language including its vocabulary is the communicative linguistics in which the pragmatic rather than structural approach is used. This new trend relates vocabulary characteristics not only to meanings but to uses and situations and the degree of their formality. Pragmatics concerned with the relations between signs and expressions and their users is steadily gathering momentum penetrating all branches of linguistics. At present, however, this promising trend has hardly begun to take shape.

In more than ten years that have passed since the second edition of this book went to press, the problems of English lexicology have been investigated in a tremendous number of publications. Bringing the bibliography up to date keeping the same degree of comprehensiveness without a great increase in bulk proved impossible. Our debt to numerous works of scholarship had been acknowledged in copious notes and references of the previous editions. Here a basically different approach was chosen: bibliographical footnotes were drastically reduced and the selective list gathered below includes books especially recommended as further reading. An attempt is made to take account of modern lexicological theory as developed in the last decade and also to show the survival of basic studies translated, updated and published many years after their first edition. (See, for instance, works by K. Baldinger, M. Bréal, O. Jespersen.)

RECOMMENDED READING

Агамджанова В. И. Контекстуальная избыточность лексического значения слова. Рига, 1977.

Азнаурова Э. С. Очерки по стилистике слова. Ташкент, 1973.

Акуленко В. В. Вопросы интернационализации словарного состава языка. Харьков, 1972.

Амосова Н. Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М., 1956.

Амосова Н. Н. Основы английской фразеологии. Л., 1963.

Амосова Н. Н. Английская контекстология. Л., 1968. (На англ. яз.).

Апресян Ю. Д. Лексическая семантика. Синонимические средства языка. М. 1974.

Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка. М., 1959.

Арнольд И. В. Семантическая структура слова в современном английском языке и методы ее исследования. Л., 1966.

Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка: Стилистика декодирования. 2-е изд., перераб. Л., 1981.

Аспекты семантических исследований: Сборник. М., 1980.

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Принципы и методы семантических исследований. Сборник. М., 1976.

Языковая номинация: Общие вопросы. М., 1976.

Языковая номинация: Виды наименований. М., 1977.

Antal, Laszlo. Questions of Meaning. The Hague, 1963.

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DICTIONARIES

Англо-русский синонимический словарь/Под рук. А. И. Розенмана и Ю. Д. Апресяна. М., 1979.

Большой англо-русский словарь: В 2-х т./Под общим рук. И. Р. Гальперина. 2-е изд., испр. М., 1979.

Дополнение к Большому англо-русскому словарю/Под общим рук. И. Р. Гальперина. М., 1981.

Великобритания: Лингвострановедческий словарь/Под ред. Е. Ф. Рогова. М., 1978.

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED). A corrected reissue of the New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED): In thirteen vols/Ed. by J. A.H.Murray, H. Bradley, W.A. Craigie, C.T. Onions. 3rd ed., revised, with corrections. Oxford, 1977. (First publ. in 1933.)

A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary: In three vols / Ed. by R.W. Burchfield. Oxford, 1980.

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles: In two vols / Prepared by W. Little, H.W. Fowler and J. Coulson; revised and ed. by C.T. Onions. 3rd ed. Oxford, 1973. (First publ. in 1933.)

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English/ Ed. by H.W. Fowler and F.G. Fowler. Oxford, 1956.

The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology/ Ed. by C.T. Onions. Oxford, 1966.

The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs/ Compiled by W.G. Smith. 3rd ed. Oxford, 1976.

Barnhart C.L. World Book Dictionary. Chicago, 1975.

Barnhart C.L., Steinmetz, Sol, Barnhart R.K. A Dictionary of New English. 1963-1972. London, 1973.

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Chambers’s Twentieth Century Dictionary / Ed. by W. Geddie. Edinburgh — London, 1958. (First publ. in 1901.)

The Heritage Illustrated Dictionary of the English Language/Ed. by W. Morris. N.Y., 1975.

Hornby A.S. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. London, 1974.

Jones, Daniel. Everyman’s English Pronouncing Dictionary. 11th ed. London — New York, 1963. (First publ. in 1917.)

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. London, 1978.

Random House Dictionary of the English Language. The unabridged edition / Ed. by J. Stein. N.Y., 1971.”

Webster’s New World Dictionary of American Language. N.Y., 1978.

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, Mass., 1961.

Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language. Pocket size edition/ Ed. by D.B. Guralnik. N.Y., 1977.

SUBJECT INDEX

False etymology 131

Form words 18, 187, 222-223

Formatives, inner 89

Formatives, outer 77-89

Free forms 77ff, 129, 131

Functional affixes 87-90

Functional change: see Conversion

Functional styles 240-250

Fusions or portmanteau words: see

Blends

Fusion phraseological 170 Fuzzy sets 6, 21, 26

Historism 220

Holophrasis 122ff

Homograph 185

Homonyms and homonymy 154ff, 182-194

Homonymy, patterned 155ff, 183ff, 191 Homophone 154, 184ff

Hybrids 106, 107

Hyperbole 69

Hyponym 196, 197, 226-229

Ideographic groups 226, 227 Ideolect 209

Idioms: see Set expressions Immediate constituents 83-87, 141

Implicational 41, 50

Indivisibility 28

Informal vocabulary 242

Information retrieval 13

Integrity 30, 114 Intensifier 235

Intensifying connotation 49 International words 260, 261

Irony 69

Learned words 243 Lexical group 26 Lexical variants 207, 208 Lexicalisation 18

Lexico-grammatical class or group 224 Lexico-grammatical meaning: see Meaning, lexico-grammatical

Lexico-grammatical variant 51, 52 Lexicography 191-194, 272ff Linguostylistics 240ff

Litotes 69

Loan words 100, 135, 252-259

Marked member of the opposition 242 Meaning, contextual 54

Meaning, denotative 40, 47

Native words 204ff, 252ff Neologism 134, 216-220 Neutralisation, semantic 196 Non-semantic grouping 238, 239 Nonce usage 55, 245 Nonce words 18 Notion 42-47

Obsolete words 177, 205

Official vocabulary 243

Onomasiological approach 24

Onomasiology 55

Onomatopoeia 148ff

Onomatopoeic words: see Sound imitation

Onomatopoeic stems 129

Oppositions 23, 25, 184ff, 195,215,225, 241

Opposition, basis of 26

Opposition, binary 215, 242

Opposition, equipollent 242

Opposition, lexical 134, 145, 241 Opposition, polydimensional 26 Opposition, privative 215

Opposition, theory of 25, 26

Paradigm 156ff

Paradigmatic 24, 201

Paralinguistics 14

Paronyms 207, 208

patterned

Patterns, word-building 90-95, 133 Patterns, new word-forming 133 Pejoration 70

Phrasal verbs: see Verbal collocations Phraseology: see Set expressions

Poetic diction 244

Polysemy and polysemantic words 41, 50-57, 182

Polysemy, disintegration of: see Split of polysemy

Positional mobility 29, 30

Pragmalinguistics 14, 47ff, 240

Prefix 13ff, 213

Proper nouns 43, 62, 66-69 Proverbs 179ff

Pseudo-compounds 131

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