Identifies the functions of a computer system
Purposes of computer hardware
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Presentation on Computer Fundamentals & DBMS, task
- Navigate this page:
- Identifies different types of software
- Describes the use of a range of software and the corresponding purpose
- Identifies ethical issues related to computing
- Identifies the laws and regulations that govern computing
- Researches and identifies situations where laws have been enforced to deal with people who have used computers for unethical and illegal purposes
- Assess how relational database models and normalisation provide reliable and efficient databases
| Purposes of computer hardware:
Computer hardware is the physical components that a computer system needs to function. It covers everything with a printed circuit board that runs in a PC or laptop; including motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing Unit), fan, webcam, power supply, etc. Likewise, what is a hardware system? System hardware includes the physical parts of the computer such as processor, hard drive, graphics card, sound card, RAM, power supply, motherboard, etc. The central processing unit, or processor, is the part of the computer that executes the instructions of the software program. Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, and sound card. bar, integrated speakers and motherboard. Hardware is usually run by software to execute any command or instruction. Reference: https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-the-purpose-of-computer-hardware-overall Characteristic of computer hardware: Materials are made up of parts that can be touched and felt. Hardware determines what software will be fit in the computer. Computer hardware is expensive to get. Hardware devices can only be manufactured by engineers who are specialize in computer hardware. It is not easy to change specific hardware components. Reference: https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7bdc7gc/37-Computer-systems-Characteristics-of-Computer-Hardware-1-Hardware-consists-of/ Identifies different types of software: Application software: It is the most common type of computer software and can be defined as an end-user program that helps you complete a task or achieve a desired result. An end user is someone who actually uses a product or program. (This is what the “end result” is designed for.) Some examples of application software include an Internet browser, a CRM tool like Hubspot, photo editing software like Adobe or Lightroom, or a text image editing application like Microsoft Word. Application software is installed on a computer or a mobile device depending on the needs of the user. Since it is the most popular type of software, there are many options and users can choose the one that best suits their needs, budget and expectations. (For example, anyone who wants to search the Internet can use Chrome, Safari, or even Firefox.) System software: System software that helps the user, computer or mobile device, and an application work seamlessly together. This makes system software very important for running any kind of application software as well as the entire computer system. Think about when your laptop or phone got an update. It's system software in action: A change to system software that keeps your computer or phone running smoothly and keeps apps running. Apple's iOS is an example of system software, as is Microsoft Windows. System software always runs in the background of your device, but it's never something you'll use directly. In fact, the only time that people miss the most is when updating. Programming software: While application software is designed for end users and system software is designed for computers or mobile devices, programming software is for computer programmers and developers to code. These are programs used to write, develop, test, and debug other software programs. It's useful to think of these programs as a kind of translator: they use programming languages like Laravel, Python, C++, etc. and translate them into something the computer or phone will understand. Driver software: This software is often thought of as a type of system software. The driver software works and controls devices plugged into the computer. These drivers enable devices to perform their required functions. A very good (and real) example of this is your printer. When you first set up your printer to work with your computer, you need to install software to connect the two so they can communicate and print whatever you need. Reference: https://www.leadwithprimitive.com/blog/the-4-main-types-of-software Describes the use of a range of software and the corresponding purpose: Word processor: A word processor is computer software in which it allows the user to edit, create or print documents. Files from word processors can also be transferred to different computers using a removable disk (USB) or by sending it via email. The user can also edit the document by entering various commands and characters from the keyboard, and once the document file is completed, the user can connect it to the printer for printing. Spreadsheet: A spreadsheet is a software application commonly used by those who need it to organize, analyze, and store data. Information is arranged in rows and columns so that the data can be easily understood. Formulas and other sorting options can be used to arrive at the desired result. For example, if there are more than 50 rows and columns to calculate, the user can only use the formulas provided by the worksheet and sort options to calculate in no less than 30 seconds. Spreadsheets are popular among digital operations and finance possibilities. Database Management System: A database management system, abbreviated as SGBD, is a system in which it collects programs that allow users to store, modify, and extract information from the database. data. Microsoft Access is an example of database management because it allows users to create large tables of information that can then be stored in records. Since databases can be linked together, this saves space and time; that is why schools should use database management systems, as they can store student information in a single record and can be easily found by searching. Email: Email, to put it simply, is electronic mail. Users can email others if they are signed in to the email client and have an account configured with an email service provider, for example. Gmail by Google and Hotmail by Microsoft. To send and receive email, the computer must use TCP/IP protocol to send email as a packet. When sending a new email, the email requirement is who you want to send this email to. Other features in email are optional. Web browser: A web browser is an application in which it displays, locates, and retrieves content from the World Wide Web. Images, videos, and other web pages are also displayed in the web browser for the user to view. The web server must send the information to the web browser to display the results. In today's world, all browsers can render HTML pages, applications, javascript, etc. The web browser gives the user the ability to explore the online world and also adds advanced features to it so that the user can tailor himself. Such as plugins. Computer Aided Design: Computer Aided Design, CAD for short, is a combination of hardware and software, as it allows users to design anything they need. Whether in 2D or 3D. In addition, to use CAD effectively, a user must have a high-quality graphic monitor, a mouse, a light pen or digital tablet for drawing, and a particularly skilled printer. Graphics processing software: A type of software in which it has a specific disc for graphic designs only. For example, photoshop is considered graphics processing software because it processes on that particular disk faster than when it is opened on a normal, old processor desktop computer. Reference: https://nancyit2014.wordpress.com/2015/05/14/range-of-application-software/ Identifies ethical issues related to computing: Computer crime: Computer crime is a white-collar intellectual crime. Such offenders must be smart enough to control a computer system and be able to access it in the first place. An example of computer crime is the theft of money by a computer. Usually, the worst that can happen to such a thief is that they are simply asked to return the stolen money. Many times this person will be considered redundant, assuming they are an employee, but can quickly be hired by a competitor due to their skills. This does little to prevent computer theft, as lawsuits are often not brought against perpetrators. Another example is the seizure of an unauthorized computer. By hacking into an unauthorized computer, perpetrators can steal trade secrets and corporate data. Such crimes could be committed by an employee with the aim of selling those secrets to a competitor, or by an outside source who wants to steal those secrets to promote his own welfare. This crime involves both the invasion of property and privacy and also the invasion of the computer system itself. This crime goes hand in hand with the idea of hacking. Hacking is defined as "any computer activity that is not sanctioned or approved by the employer or owner of the system or network" (Forester 44). In many universities, computer science professors ask their students to hack university systems to demonstrate their competence and knowledge of computer systems, which poses a situation serious ethical dilemma. Since the student is not harming the system, is such action morally wrong or acceptable? Many IT professionals feel that this action is not morally punishing and that IT teachers should approach IT ethics more enthusiastically in their lessons. Privacy: Another area of IT ethics concerns confidentiality. The question of security focuses on the most basic functions of a computer, "its ability to store, organize, and exchange records" (Johnson 58). This puts people's personal information in a vulnerable position. If someone hacks into a computer system, all this information is available to them. In this way, crimes such as identity theft can occur. In addition, when stored information can be easily exchanged, the effect of a small error can be magnified. Such errors can persist in the system indefinitely. Computers "create the possibility that incidents in a person's life or errors in their records follow you throughout their life, profoundly affecting how a person is perceived and treated. " (Johnson 60) It is because of this effect that people lose control of their lives and information about them. So there seems to be both good and bad consequences of computerized profiling. One good consequence is that an organization's information needs suggest that "access to relevant information can improve decision-making and, therefore, make the organization more efficient". (Johnson 63) This in turn has a positive outcome for individuals as it can mean better services or savings. However, bad consequences still exist. These relate to the fact that “information is used to make decisions about individuals and those decisions may be based on irrelevant and inaccurate information”. (Johnson 63) There is no way to ensure that the power that organizations exercise due to this access to information is used equitably. Therefore, there seems to be a balance between the information needs of an organization and the interests of the individual. Ethical Responsibilities of IT Professionals: Another area of concern related to all of this is the power that IT professionals wield because of their knowledge of computer systems. IT professionals can act in one of two ways: “(1) When it is not clear, assume information is in the public domain until there is evidence that it is. or (2) When it is not clear, assume the information is private unless or until there is evidence that it is not”. There are two main reasons to be concerned about giving this authority to IT professionals. “First, increasing power in the hands of one person often leads to exploitation by others, and this is a moral issue. Second, some kind of power is necessary for a decent life, a virtuous life, and so it can also be a question of morality.” (Johnson 73) IT professionals should be obligated to use the information they have access to appropriately, but some have chosen to use it unethically to harm others. The power of the computer scientist is also a threat because it is completely centralized. As mentioned earlier, computers allow storing large amounts of information in a small space. This centralization concern arises because “people believe that in a democratic society there is a struggle between government and citizens, so as government agencies become increasingly stronger, citizen control and contributions may become less and less effective.” (Johnson74) Some people worry that if the government controls too much information, their privacy will be violated. Those who do not want to see the computer in the hands of the government but in the hands of individuals oppose the centralization of power. This idea of centralization of power coincides with the idea that technology contributes to a sense of alienation. Alienation is related to losing control of the world in which we live. This can be seen in the fact that due to increasing technological advancement, computers have taken over work that previously belonged to humans. The concept of artificial intelligence (AI) is an example. It is an attempt by computer scientists to simulate components of human intelligence through machines. However, this creates many ethical dilemmas, as it forces us to ask the question “not only if AI itself is a viable goal, but if AI is a viable goal.” specific to human enterprise”. (Forester 129) She degrades the human condition to replace man. So with intelligent machines, is it really necessary? It is essential that those who hold that power do not abuse it. Computer technology introduces a whole new field of ethical dilemmas. From computer crime and privacy to the power of IT professionals, this technology has changed the way business thinks about ethical decisions. However, this is difficult because there is no overall positive moral force in the US business community. Combined with the fact that technology is changing rapidly, it is difficult to establish solid ethical rules about computers and strictly adhere to them. There are many gray areas to consider. Many people have chosen to blame computers when they crash. However, in reality, it is the people who make mistakes because they are the ones who make the technology. People are simply using computers as a scapegoat to evade liability. That's why it's so important to educate people about the power and potential abuses of computer technology. Only by doing so will the company gain a solid understanding of IT ethics and address IT-related ethical dilemmas ethically and appropriately. Reference: https://www.comptia.org/blog/ethical-problems-in-computing Identifies the laws and regulations that govern computing: Computer law includes all laws relating to the transfer, use and storage of electronic information. It is basically any law regarding computers and other electronic devices that store information. Computer law covers a wide range of topics, including security, private property rights, and even constitutional law. Contract: When you buy a computer, open an account on a website, or complete an online credit application, you must check the box indicating that you understand the terms and conditions of the contract. An IT attorney drafted this agreement. Computer scientists should know all the laws related to contracts and computers. Companies in the information technology industry use contracts in their day-to-day operations. For example, an online business may need to contract with another business to handle online purchases. They may need to contract with a third party to develop a website or custom software to run their business. All of this important contract work is subject to IT law. Intellectual Property: Computers and intellectual property are closely related. Companies are creating new products, artwork and marketing strategies for their online business. IT people need to help these companies preserve their work so they can profit from it. A computer scientist can help a client patent a new technology. They can also register a trademark for the company's exclusive use. Piracy is a common problem in the computer world. Online, it's often easy to pirate others to make quick money. IT professionals must be prepared to help their customers enforce copyrights and maintain exclusive rights to use their products. On the other hand, unscrupulous businesses and individuals can also easily use the anonymity of the internet world to claim copyrights where they do not exist. In this case, businesses and individuals must be prepared to fight back. Another important area of computer law is combating gratuitous claims of copyright infringement. Tort Law: With the advent of the Internet, people are saying everything in a public forum. Not only do they use the internet to talk to specific people, but they also use sites like Craigslist and Airbnb to market their products. Third-party marketing services raise new questions about the responsibilities of these website owners to customers. Even companies like Google have to ask themselves if user information is fair game and whether it should be disclosed to the government if the government requests it. The Communications Decency Act of 1996 states that third-party websites are not responsible for the content of people posting on their sites. Information technology professionals need to know what privacy laws exist and how to respond to subpoenas and government requests for information. Telecommunications Act: The federal government regulates communications. From the earliest days of AM and FM radio broadcasts to today's modern technology, the government has always had control over how media companies do business. IT companies and the telecommunications industry must know which laws govern them. From market share to bandwidth to the ability to prioritize certain content over others, there are many regulations that computer and telecom providers should know and follow. Computer lawyers make this possible. They also help businesses litigate or hear about alleged violations of government regulations. Constitutional law: Computer law has an impact on the constitution. The issue of free speech on the Internet is a regular one. The computer is the most recent forum for the ongoing debate about First Amendment limits. Constitutional law and computer law also intersect when it comes to questions of search and seizure. Courts must determine when law enforcement may search a computer or other electronic device. With information so readily available today, law enforcement officers often believe that information will be available to them without a warrant. Computer scientists are there to control government power. The 1987 Computer Safety Law: Creators of Law first grouped the importance of privacy in electronic data in the 1987 Computer Security Law. The law created minimum standards for electronically stored information. Federal Information Security Administration Act of 2002: The Federal Information Security Administration Act of 2002 replaced the Computer Security Act of 1987 with new rules and regulations governing electronic information held by government agencies. Each agency must develop and implement an agency-wide plan and policy for the security of electronic information. Your plan must assess and address the security risks that may exist in relation to the storage of electronic information within the agency. You need to produce reports on compliance with the law. Federal agencies spend billions of dollars on information technology each year. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act: This law criminalizes computer-related fraud. It criminalizes accessing a federal computer without authorization. In addition, it criminalizes knowingly infecting government computers with viruses. Password theft and extortion are also prohibited by law. Other State Laws: The federal government is not alone in making computer laws. Most states also have laws regulating computer use. For example, Michigan prohibits the use of computers to commit crimes. A person facing this criminal charge must also face charges they have committed with the computer. Michigan also prohibits using the Internet to harass or spy on anyone. Most states have similar laws. Reference: https://legalcareerpath.com/what-is-computer-law/ Researches and identifies situations where laws have been enforced to deal with people who have used computers for unethical and illegal purposes: Media Piracy: Digital media piracy is a significantly unethical act done with computers. Piracy is the illegal distribution of music, movies, books and other intellectual media. Because the Internet is such a big network, catching hackers isn't always easy. Piracy is an illegal violation of a media owner's copyright. Businesses that use information obtained through hacking can at least receive cease and desist letters from media owners. Fines and legal action may be followed. A common example of media piracy occurs when a company uses a popular song for an educational or promotional YouTube video without securing the rights to the song or provide proper attribution. Ransomware Attacks: Thieves love to use the anonymity of the Internet to attack businesses. By breaking into a company's main server, cyber attackers can take the company hostage. Hackers encrypt entire websites, shutting down business until business owners pay the hacker a fee - a ransom - in a so-called denial of service attack. This type of cyber attack can happen to any business or organization anywhere in the world. Reducing this vulnerability to unethical computer use requires constantly updating server security platforms, including protection against spyware, malware, and viruses. Identity theft: With the protection of a company against Ransomware, companies must protect consumer information. Not properly protecting personal information is expensive for businesses and can lead to legal fines and private prosecution. Financial theft: Some hackers don't steal information, but instead hack systems to get hold of a company's financial information in order to steal money. For example, a hacker could redirect a nonprofit's donation system and send money to a foreign account controlled by the hacker. This unethical practice essentially misleads a website buyer into believing that a transaction on the website has been completed when in reality the business was never notified of the sale and money was lost on the site. foreign. Intellectual Property Theft: Piracy is not the only type of intellectual property that is unethically distributed through the use of computers. Competitors use a number of methods to gain access to proprietary information that other companies pay millions of dollars to develop. Theft typically includes patented information or patent-pending patents. Intellectual property theft is often done by internal moles or contract workers who have access to a company's computer servers. While security protocols with anti-virus protection often help prevent external theft, it is difficult to protect against internal breaches. Reference: https://bizfluent.com/info-8504478-legal-responsibilities-related-information-systems.html Assess how relational database models and normalisation provide reliable and efficient databases: Download 123.29 Kb. Share with your friends:
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