Il y aura un quiz sur le vocabulaire

China produces more than 90 per cent of the world’s rare earths. Its stranglehold on global supplies caused alarm in 2010 when it temporarily halted exports to Japan after a diplomatic dispute.

Beijing on Tuesday rejected the claims by the US, EU and Japan, saying China would “continue to implement effective management of rare earths exports in accordance with WTO regulations”. The foreign ministry said China hoped that “other countries with rare earths will also actively develop their rare earths resources to share the burden of global rare earths supply”.

In more pointed comments, Xinhua, the state press agency, said the move was “rash and unfair”, adding that it “may hurt economic relations between the world’s largest and second-largest economies”.

“A better choice for the United States would be sitting down with China face to face and solve the problem through negotiations instead of making it an internationalised issue,” Xinhua said in an opinion piece.

China explains its export restrictions as part of a domestic crackdown on illegal rare earths mines. To help clean up the industry, Beijing has tightened controls on domestic mining and announced a production cap, although enforcement of these measures varies from province to province.

Mr De Gucht expressed frustration that China had not addressed concerns about its rare earths policy after losing a recent WTO case on raw materials. That dispute was considered a litmus test for how the trade body might approach a case over rare earths.

“This leaves us no choice but to challenge China’s export regime again,” he said.

Ahead of the formal announcement by Mr Obama, Ron Kirk, US trade representative, said China continued to “make its export restraints more restrictive, resulting in massive distortions and harmful disruptions in supply chains for these materials throughout the global marketplace”.

The US administration has been criticised by Republicans, including Mitt Romney, the frontrunner for the party’s presidential nomination, for being insufficiently tough on China’s trade and currency policies. The White House counters that it has brought WTO cases against Beijing at nearly twice the rate of the administration of George W. Bush.

Last week, the White House unveiled a “trade enforcement unit” – a joint operation between different government agencies including the trade representative’s office and the commerce department, aimed at strengthening the US’s ability to bring and defend cases against its major trading partners.

Congress, with the strong support of the Obama administration, recently passed a law to allow the US to continue to impose two kinds of defensive tariff simultaneously on imports from China and Vietnam – a practice that had been challenged by a federal court.

EU officials estimate that the Chinese restrictions force European manufacturers to pay double the price of their Chinese competitors for rare earths.

The trade dispute comes at an awkward time in EU-China relations. Brussels has been seeking to persuade Beijing to deploy some of its vast foreign currency reserves to help ease the eurozone’s debt crisis.

So far, those pleas have brought public expressions of support, but only modest purchases of European bonds, according to EU officials.

In recent years, China has lowered the export quotas for rare earths causing Tokyo, Washington and Brussels to lobby Beijing to loosen its controls on these critical elements. Last year, China’s export quota was 30,184 tonnes, down 40 per cent from 49,510 tonnes in 2009. This year’s quota will be in line with last year’s, according to the commerce ministry.

Niemeyer’s work, famous for its sweeping curves and space-age look, was inspired by the landscape of his native Brazil and the women who sunbathed on its beaches.

The architect, who had been working right until the end, died on Wednesday at the Hospital Samaritano in Rio de Janeiro following a respiratory infection.

A memorial service was held yesterday at the presidential palace in Brasilia, while the mayor of his home city Rio de Janeiro declared three days mourning. 

Niemeyer won a string of awards including the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1988 and the Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (Riba) in 1998.

Tony Chapman, head of awards at Riba, said the Brazilian had created “a heritage. He had a huge influence, not all of it direct.”

When the Government decided to move the capital on Brazil’s central high plains from Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s, Niemeyer planned a series of buildings for the city. Brasilia was declared a World Heritage Landmark by Unesco in 1987.

In describing his architectural style, he wrote in his 1998 memoir The Curves of Time: “I am not attracted to straight angles or to the straight line, hard and inflexible, created by man. I am attracted to free-flowing, sensual curves.”

He continued: “The curve I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuousness of its rivers, in the waves of the ocean, and on the body of the beloved woman. Curves make up the entire universe, the curved universe of Einstein,” he said.

Chapman said Niemeyer’s influence could be seen in Zaha Hadid’s work “although she may not agree” adding there was elements of influence on David Chipperfield and Frank Gehry.

One of Niemeyer’s best known buildings is the Cathedral, with its “Crown of Thorns” cupola. The building, whose cornerstone was laid in 1958, was not completed until 1970. It has 16 poured concrete pillars with glass in between.  Inside sculptures of angels are suspended over the nave with steel cables, while the altar was donated by Pope Paul VI.

The building, which won him the 1988 Pritzker Architecture Prize, is estimated to have close to 1 million visitors a year, the most visited tourist attraction in Brasilia. Tony Chapman, head of awards at Riba, called it an “extraordinary” building.

The Niteroi Museum of Contemporary  Art

The flying saucer-shaped museum in Rio de Janeiro, which was completed in 1996, has stunning views over Guanabara Bay and Sugarloaf Mountain. Niemeyer worked with structural engineer Bruno Contarini to make the 16m high building, with a cupola 50m in diameter. His vision for the museum, originally sketched out on a restaurant tablecloth, was one of “rising upward, like a flower, or a bird.”

Mr Chapman said: “The museum does look like it was dropped from outer space.”  While he does not rate the building as one of Niemeyer’s finest, he added: “It is in the most stunning location. The setting and the approach to the building are very dramatic.”

Palacio da Alvorada

The official residence of the president of Brazil sits by the banks of Lago Paranoa. The name Palacio da Alvorada is translated as Palace of Dawn, a quote from Juscelino Kubitschek, then president of Brazil: “What is Brasilia, if not the dawn of a new day for Brazil.” It was the first government building constructed in the city, completed in 1958. Mr Chapman hailed Niemeyer’s “origami style” and said the Palace was “quite incredible, the supports are so delicate and graceful.” The palace was restored to its original splendour in 2004, in a two year project that cost $18.4m.

Niemeyer, who was a communist, left Brazil in 1964 following a military coup and opened an office in Paris. From his office on the Champs-Elysees, he developed the headquarters of the French Communist Party. The undulating building was constructed between 1967 and 1972 in the 19 arrondissement.  Mr Chapman said: “You have to go inside to really appreciate the building. Unlike many of his buildings in Brasilia, this one is completely unchanged. It’s like stepping back in time.”

The architect waived his fee for the project, and he also designed the headquarters of the communist party newspaper L’Humanite in St Denis.

Ministry of Justice

At the north of the Esplanada of ministries sits the Palacio da Justica, was designed in 1957 and completed in 1963. Mr Chapman picked it out as one of his favourite of Niemeyer’s buildings in Brasilia, with its “wonderful design projecting watershoots, and the novel landscaping.” Water cascades out of the façade and into the pools below. The aquatic garden at the front of the building was created by Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx.  The palace was named after writer and former president of the Brazilian Bar Association Jose Bonifacio in 2006.

By David Sillito Arts Correspondent 5 April 2013 Last updated at 00:30 GMT BBC web site

Online content on platforms such as Twitter will be stored

Millions of tweets, Facebook status updates and even a blog about a bus shelter in Shetland are to be preserved for the nation.

The British Library and four other "legal deposit libraries'" have the right to collect and store everything that is published online in the UK.

It is estimated around a billion pages a year will be available for research.

It follows 10 years of planning and will also offer visitors access to material currently behind paywalls.

The other institutions involved are the National Libraries of Scotland and Wales, the Bodleian Libraries in Oxford, the University Library, Cambridge and the Library of Trinity College, Dublin.

The archive will cover 4.8 million websites and will include magazines, books and academic journals as well as alternative sources of literature, news and comment such as Mumsnet, the Beano online, Stephen Hawking's website, and the unofficial armed forces' bulletin board, ARRSE.

Ben Sanderson from the British Library said while people may think information on the web lasts forever, huge amounts of research material has already disappeared.

He added the public had already "lost a lot of the material that was posted by the public during the 7/7 bombings".

MP's blog sites have also been lost following a death or an election defeat.

Top 100 websites

Mr Sanderson explained that with much of public life having migrated to the online world, material that is now published physically gives only a part of the story and debate within modern Britain.

He said: "It will be impossible to tell for instance the story of the 2015 general election without accessing what appears on the web".

The new databases will cover all areas of interest, for example the website Style Scout - a fashion blog documenting London Street Fashion - will give historians a snapshot of what people were wearing in 2013.

As part of the launch of the process, the British Library has commissioned a survey of the top 100 websites that ought to be preserved for historians and researchers.

Among the sites recommended to keep material from are eBay, Facebook, Twitter, Tripadvisor and Rightmove.

Some other lesser known ones include the Anarchist Federation, the Dracula Society and The Dreamcast Junkyard - a blog dedicated to the community of gamers who continue to play Dreamcast games online, despite the fact they were officially discontinued in 2002.

The British Library is also asking for advice from the public as to which websites should be preserved to give an accurate picture to future generations.

Privileged residents of New York City – and the tourists who besiege it – will soon have a significant new present to unwrap, namely a billion-dollar trove of paintings from the Cubist era donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by the cosmetics heir and heavy-weight philanthropist Leonard A Lauder.

It might be hard to imagine an institution such as the Met, the largest art museum in the western hemisphere, being transformed by a single gift. Yet that will be the impact of the shipments that have already started to arrive from the private vaults of Mr Lauder.  In all, he has promised to hand over 78 Cubist pieces to the museum, including 33 works by Pablo Picasso and 17 by Georges Braques.

The collection, valued by Forbes at over $1bn, which will go on show for the first time in autumn 2014, is “unsurpassed in the number of masterpieces and iconic works critical to the development of Cubism”, the museum said. The gift is sparking particular curatorial delight because Cubism, which ushered in the wider period of abstract painting, has until now been underrepresented on the Met’s walls.

“This is a gift to the people who live and work in New York, and those from around the world who come to visit our great arts institutions,” Mr Lauder, who is also funding a research institute into modern art at the Met, said in a brief news release.

The acquisition is also a major catch for the director of the Met, Thomas Campbell, who is English. Mr Lauder – whose younger brother Ronald Lauder is also a renowned collector and the founder of the Neue Galerie on New York City’s Upper East Side, devoted to Austrian and German work including some notable pieces by Gustav Klimt – had been mulling over where to send his collection for years.

“This is an extraordinary gift to our museum and our city,” Mr Campbell, who lived in Cambridge before moving to America, noted. He acknowledged that the institution he took over in 2008 had “long lacked this critical dimension in the story of modernism”. 

With the Lauder paintings, it may now eclipse the Cubist collections of the Pompidou Centre in Paris and the Museum of Modern Art also in New York.

“Now, Cubism will be represented with some of its greatest masterpieces, demonstrating both its role as the ground-breaking movement of the 20th century and the foundation for an artistic dialogue that continues today,” Mr Campbell said.

“In one fell swoop this puts the Met at the forefront of early-20th-century art… It is an un-reproducible collection, something museum directors only dream about.”

Highlights in the collection include Picasso’s Woman in an Armchair (Eva), (1913), featuring an erotic rendering of the painter’s mistress Eva Gouel, and The Oil Mill (1909). There are works also from the very beginnings of the European Cubist movement, including Trees at L’Estaque by Braque as well as Terrace at the Hotel Mistral, L’Estaque (1907) by the same painter.

That Mr Lauder chose the Met over other museums is not surprising, given that New York is his home.  He has long sat on a number of committees at the Met, though he is better known as the one-time chairman of the Whitney Museum of American Art.

“Whenever I’ve given something to a museum, I’ve wanted it to be transformative,” Mr Lauder told The New York Times. “This wasn’t a bidding war. I went knocking, and the door opened easily.”

New documentary brings Norman Foster to the big screen

Saturday 20 February 2010 The Independent

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"It also speaks to the specialists and the priesthood of design, but it's not just for them," producers Elena Ochoa and Antonio Sanz said of their documentary. "It speaks to everybody who has ever been excited by a work of art, or who has understood that some spaces have special qualities that others do not share.

"It's for everybody who has been excited by the daring of a bridge, jutting out into space, or by the spectacle of a skyscraper that can define the identity of a city."

The film follows British architect Norman Foster, the creator of the Beijing airport, the Berlin Reichstag, the New York Hearst building and the world's tallest vehicular bridge, the Millau Viaduct in France, documenting his work in a cinematic style.

"It tells the story through images. Key projects are filmed in detail, conveying the movement of sunshine across the atrium of the Hearst Tower, the exhilaration of crossing the heights over the Pont Millau through early morning mist, [...] or how the restoration of the German parliament becomes the symbol of a reunified nation. The experience of moving through each of these spaces shows what makes them special," the producers said.

How much does your building weigh, Mr. Foster? is the first feature film dealing with the architect and will be the beginning of a series of films on art and culture personalities by Art Commissioners.

Clips of the movie can be watched at here, here, and here.

By Peter Marsh March 26, 2013 8:24 pm Financial Times

A new manufacturing era, in which small plants produce oil and plastics from waste materials, is about to dawn in the UK, according to Oxford Catalysts, the chemicals technology group.

In announcing the company’s 2012 results, chief executive Roy Lipski said he hoped to finalise at least one contract for the building of a $250m “commercial-sized” plant – capable of making up to 120,000 tonnes of oil or plastics a year from waste streams – in the next nine months.

Oxford Catalysts is among the leaders in a clutch of businesses trying to find a way to convert relatively low-value carbon-containing materials into higher-value diesel, jet fuel or industrial chemicals.

Its technology works by using such substances as rotting vegetables and household waste as source materials, or flare gas from oilfields that would normally be wasted.

These ideas have already excited interest both in the energy industry, and in chemicals manufacturing.

In the second of these areas, Mr Lipski said his company’s technology could assist in parts of the world that are distant from conventional chemical feedstocks.

“It’s possible to envisage ways of using our technology in small distributed plants that, by forming a source of materials for other factories fairly close by, could help to shorten manufacturing supply chains,” said Mr Lipski.

One of the companies evaluating such ideas is Calumet, a US maker of speciality chemicals that is trying out some of Oxford Catalysts’ technology.

Calumet is among a number of possible candidates for announcing the construction of a full-scale production venture by the end of 2013.

The latest news and analysis on the world’s changing climate and the political moves afoot to tackle the problem.

Formed in 2006, Oxford Catalysts raised £30m this year in investments to further its technology, and has so far failed to make a profit – with Mr Lipski refusing to disclose when this might happen.

He was speaking after the company announced that its losses, adjusted for depreciated, amortisation and related payments, rose 2 per cent in the year to December 31 2012 to £7.9m, after £7.7m the year before.

However, the company made progress in pushing up revenues 61 per cent to £7.6m in 2012, from £4.7m in the previous 12 months. The loss per share was flat at 11.5p (11.4p).

Oxford Catalysts will soon take on the name of Velocys, a subsidiary business. Between them Oxford Catalysts and Velocys – which has its headquarters in the US and was bought in 2008 – have spent about $300m on developing technical ideas over 15 years.

This route is usually frozen but rising temperatures in the region caused by global warming have melted much of the ice allowing large ships to go through. The North East passage has tempted mariners for hundreds of years.

In 1553 the British voyager Sir Hugh Willoughby died attempting to find the route.

The German ships Beluga Fraternity and Beluga Foresight arrived in the Siberian port of Yamburg, in the Ob river delta, on Monday, owner Beluga Shipping GmbH said on its website.

Both ships left South Korea in late July, negotiating the passage off north-eastern Siberia behind two Russian icebreakers.

"We are all very proud and delighted to be the first Western shipping company which has successfully transited the legendary North East Passage and delivered the sensitive cargo safely through this extraordinarily demanding sea area", said Beluga CEO Niels Stolberg.

The ships have been offloading some of their cargo. Beluga spokeswoman Verena Beckhusen told AP that the Beluga Fraternity had already left to continue its journey via Murmansk to the Dutch port of Rotterdam.

The Foresight's departure has been postponed until Saturday because of bad weather, she added.

But the once impenetrable ice that prevented ships travelling along the northern Russian coast has been retreating rapidly because of global warming in recent decades.

The passage became passable without ice breakers in 2005.

By avoiding the Suez canal, the trip from Asia to Europe is shortened by almost 5,000km (3,100 miles).

The company behind the enterprise says it is saving about $300,000 per vessel by using the northern route.

Both the Russian authorities and the German shippers are keen to prove the safety and efficiency of the passage, believing it could be a valuable commercial alternative to the Suez canal in summer.

Despite the rise in temperatures the route is still dangerous, with icebergs moving more freely in the warmer waters.

Scientists estimate that the last time that the North East Passage was as ice free as it is now was between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago.

Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/8251914.stm

Published: 2009/09/11 21:45:40 GMT © BBC MMIX

For 350 years, the Royal Society has called on the world's biggest brains to unravel the mysteries of science. Its president, Martin Rees, considers today's big issues, while leading thinkers describe the puzzles they would love to see solved

• 
  Martin Rees, with interviews by Alok Jha and John Crace
  
• 
  The Guardian, Tuesday 30 November 2010
  

We are now in a time of challenges and adversity but it is also a time for scientific opportunity.

Issues relating to global health and sustainability must stay high on the agenda if we are to cope with an ageing and ever-increasing population, with growing pressure on resources, and with rising global temperatures. The risks and dangers need to be assessed and then confronted. The need to develop "clean" energy, new vaccines and better resources means science has a critical role to play over the coming years.

Helping to meet the challenges of the 21st century demands technological advancement – and an optimal use of existing knowledge. From the growth of the internet through to the mapping of the human genome and our understanding of the human brain, the more we understand, the more there seems to be for us to explore.

We have learned so much over the last 350 years, but with every answer comes more questions. From a personal perspective I am disappointed that we have yet to really achieve a full understanding of the origins of life on Earth. What was the spark that, billions of years ago, kickstarted the process of evolution that has brought us life as we know it today? I hope that we will get some answers to that in my lifetime.

Looking further ahead is notoriously difficult, but whatever breakthroughs are in store in the coming decades and beyond, we can be sure of one thing: there will be an ever-widening gulf between what science allows us to do, and what it is prudent or ethical actually to do. In respect of (for instance) human reproductive cloning, genetically modified organisms, nanotechnology, robotics and geoengineering, regulation will be called for, on ethical as well as prudential grounds.

In terms of what we should be looking to achieve, a huge priority must be to decarbonise our energy needs. Whether it is to reduce our carbon-dioxide emissions or to prepare for when the coal and oil run out, we have to continue to seek out new energy sources.

Science has a huge part to play in the development, and the very survival, of humankind in both the near and distant future. Some of the challenges are obvious and some of the solutions are already being worked on by scientists. New challenges will emerge and in science we have seen again and again that some of the greatest breakthroughs are the unpredictable outcomes of pure curiosity. As we look to the next 350 years of the Royal Society we have no crystal ball that allows us to predict the detailed course of scientific discovery. However, we can be sure that today's young people will live their lives in a world where science – and the way it is applied – will play a greater role than ever before.

• 
  18:42 11 November 2010 by Sujata Gupta New Scientist
  

Cost estimates have risen for the ambitious mission, billed as the Hubble Space Telescope's heir, since the idea for the telescope was floated in the late 1980s. At that time, proponents estimated that the project would cost about $1 billion. In 2008, NASA officials upped that amount to $5 billion. Though Congress approved all requested funding for JWST in 2009 and 2010, NASA came back asking for an additional $95 million and $20 million in each respective year.

Those escalating costs prompted Senator Barbara Mikulski of Maryland, head of the congressional subcommittee that funds NASA, to call for an independent investigation into the project. "I am committed to space-based astronomy," said Mikulski in a written statement. But "we are not in the business of cost overruns".

Best-case scenario

The seven-member review panel released its report (pdf) on Wednesday. The panel estimates that an additional $1.5 billion is needed to launch the mission, putting the project's total cost at $6.5 billion. And it says the mission could not be made ready for launch until at least September 2015, more than a year after its current target launch date of June 2014.

And those estimates are best-case scenarios. To meet the 2015 launch date, the panel says $200 million to $250 million would have to be added to the project's budget in each of the next two years. That represents about a fifth of NASA's annual budget for astrophysical missions like JWST.

"I doubt we're going to find $200 million [per year]," NASA Associate Administrator Chris Scolese told reporters on Wednesday. "We're in a time of fiscal [conservatism] where we have to make every dollar count."

It is not yet clear whether NASA will try to funnel money from other projects to JWST to make the 2015 launch date or whether the mission will get delayed even further. Panelists blamed poor management and oversight of the programme for the rising costs and delays. NASA responded by reorganising the mission's management structure and creating a new position, the JWST programme manager. Under the new design, JWST project leaders both at the agency's headquarters in Washington, DC, and at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, will have to report directly to that programme manager who, in turn, will report to top NASA officials. But despite its criticisms of the project's management, the panel was quick to point out that the JWST mission itself will do top-notch science. The telescope will boast a 6.5-metre mirror, nearly three times as wide as Hubble's, and will peer back at distant objects that appear as they were a couple of hundred million years after the big bang.

"This is a remarkable telescope and will be an outstanding facility that stands on the shoulders of Hubble," said panelist Garth Illingworth of the University of California Observatories.