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TEACHING FUTURE QUANTUM COMPUTING ENGINEERS



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7. TEACHING FUTURE QUANTUM COMPUTING ENGINEERS

Many engineers and scientists, including the author, cherish the memories when they were tinkering with TTL chips or old motors to build a robot or other device by themselves when they were young. It is commonly accepted that “learning by doing” is the best way to educate scientists and engineers. This philosophy has been applied in Lego Mindstorms, Lego Dacta, and similar robotics toolkits. There are many textbooks that also attempt to teach elements of programming, physics, electronics, engineering, or even mathematics in a framework of Lego robot tasks and exercises. Portland State University Intelligent Robotics (IR) Laboratory found strong support from PSU administration, Intel Corporation and Portland and Beaverton School Districts to teach “high school robotics” based on these ideas since 1999. In past educational projects with high-school students at the PSU IR Lab, such as Oregon’s Saturday Academy, we found that the concepts of deterministic Boolean logic as well as fuzzy logic could be taught to 16 to 18-year-olds and practically used in their software/hardware projects. In our graduate research, on the other hand, we found quantum logic to be interesting, as it relates to deterministic, probabilistic, and entangled sensor/actuator robot behavior mappings and thus covers a wide spectrum of behavioral possibilities. These projects were robot heads, stationary robot torsos, mobile robots and hexapod walkers [39], and a walking human-like biped.

Here, we follow the Lego builders’ philosophy but we take the next step; we present a new approach to teach middle school students about quantum computing. This was done in the framework of a 2-year project at the PSU IR Lab, where teenagers learned about the above presented subjects, also by attending some meetings of the quantum computing research group. The students who worked on this project (youngest were 12 and 13 years old when started) are children of computer scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and university professors. They have been introduced very early on to robotics and mathematics, and they were focused, motivated and hardworking. This led to the didactic success of this project, a total of 9 awards, including the grand award at the 2006 Intel Northwest Science Expo for research involving multiple-valued transforms in quantum algorithms [22], two advancements to international science fair and presenting two conference papers. On the other hand, based on the previous experience of the author, who was a voluntary coach and high school educator on other projects, even some less gifted and motivated teens can be involved in innovative projects like this if they are enthused by their mentors to contribute to real research and have been exposed to a research group of undergraduate and graduate students who meet regularly to discuss their work.

In our project, we had a weekly 3-hour meetings to discuss tasks, teach theory, test students and present robots, but the robots are built and programmed at homes. It should be pointed out that the project like this teaches and reinforces many subjects from mathematics and computer science. We cover complex numbers, linear algebra, vector and vector spaces, matrix calculus, classical logic and circuits, reversible circuits, finite state machines, quantum circuits, quantum automata, probabilistic systems, quantum superposition, entanglement and parallelism, Heisenberg and Dirac notations, fuzzy logic, multiple-valued logic, goal-oriented and subsumption robot architectures and spectral transforms. All lectures are interactive and teens are called to the white board and solve problems related to the just introduced theoretical concepts. The students are permanently quizzed, challenged and tested for their understanding. In addition, parts of the introductory texts on quantum circuits and algorithms [58] are given to them. My goal is to develop the culture of brainstorming, puzzling, guessing, questioning and experimenting.



Nowadays, in the era of Internet and inexpensive kits available worldwide, every school can work on advanced robotics, and the bottleneck is only a lack of sufficiently knowledgeable mentors. The goal of this paper is to share our success story and our findings so that they may motivate more groups like ours in the future. We would gladly share our work with all interested robot builders who could easily reproduce our results and further advance these state-of-the-art “quantum robots.” Our approach allows for investigation of all kinds of advanced robot control and computational intelligence ideas [58]. It is a great source of projects for all kinds of robotics classes, from beginners to very advanced. This project was possible thanks to the availability of software package NQC which gives nearly full power of C programming in Lego robot environment. The future users can easily add other sensors and effectors – many of them exist already for Lego and many more can by purchased in robot shops on the Internet. We continue our “quantum robotics for teenagers” in year 2006/2007 and our projects include use of Matlab for calculations, evolutionary robot design [37], quantum transforms and their use in robot vision [6,19,59]. In the undergraduate project, KHR-1 is now able to mimic upper body human motions. Students who work on this project learn about robot kinematics, robot vision, state machines (deterministic, non-deterministic, probabilistic and quantum - entangled) robot software programming and commercial robot movement editors. The most important lesson learned is the integration of a non-trivial large system and the appreciation of what is a real-time programming. It is important that the students learn to develop a “trial and error” attitude and also how to survive using a non-perfect and incomplete documentation. In this research direction the interface to Orion system will be learned and how to formulate front-end formulations for various robotic problems as constraint-satisfaction problems for this system.
8. CONCLUSION
The paper introduced the new concept of robots controlled by quantum controllers and algorithms. The quantum logics applied in them can be of binary, multiple-valued, fuzzy or mixed types. We briefly presented several controllers: combinational mappings, state machines, oracles and spectral transforms. Other used concepts include quantum cellular automata, quantum associative memories, quantum neural networks and quantum subsumption architectures [60]. It can be shown that such systems have higher potential to describe mixed deterministic/probabilistic/entangled behaviors of robots than the classical robotic controllers. The user may investigate trade-offs between deterministic, probabilistic and entangled behaviors by tuning rotation angles in gates. The research goal of our laboratory is to investigate these concepts further. The quantum emotional humanoid robots are already a subject of a Ph.D. Thesis [47]. One of the goals of this paper is to help others to start with this new and exciting research area. Lego NXT already is and KHR-1 like robots can become widely accepted international education platforms.

We believe also that building robots with quantum brains is an excellent method to explain teenagers how a quantum computer works and teach them many related mathematical concepts that would be perhaps boring when taught without motivational application examples. A group of five teenagers from Oregon were able to build many quantumly controlled Lego robots and learn fundamentals of quantum computing in this process, and also contribute to a new research area that has been defined only very recently.


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ROBOTY KWANTOWE. TERAZ CZY NIGDY?


Streszczenie

Przedstawiono stan prac nad robotami kwantowymi. Robot kwantowy to robot sterowany komputerem kwantowym. W jednym wariancie robot przebywa w mikro-swiecie mechaniki kwantowej a jego czujniki i efektory sa takze kwantowe. W innym wariancie, przedstawionym w tym artykule, robot jest standardowy ale jest sterowany komputerem kwantowym. Podczas kiedy roboty pierwszego typu nie powstana predko, standardowe roboty sterowane przez komputery kwantowe moga byc budowane juz dzis. Przedstawiamy pokrotce stan prac nad robotami kwantowymi i kierunki przyszlych badan. Wreszcie piszemy o tym jak te idee moga byc wprowadzone do szkol srednich przy uzyciu robotow Lego i symulatorow kwantowych. W klasie prowadzonej przez autora dla wybitnie uzdolnionych 14-latkow, uczniowie budowali sterowane kwantowymi symulatorami roboty, pisali oprogramowanie dla rozpoznawania obrazow i badali uogolnienia znanych algorytmow kwantowych na logike wielowartosciowa.





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