21st Century Grammar Handbook

build
built built
burn
burned burned
burst
burst burst
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught caught
choose
chose chosen
come
came come
cost
cost cost
cut
cut cut
dig
dug dug
dive
dived dived
do
did done
draw
drew drawn
drink
drank drunk
drive
drove driven
eat
ate eaten
fall
fell fallen
feel
felt felt
fight
fought fought
find
found found
fly
flew flown
forget
forgot forgotten
freeze
froze frozen
get
got gotten
give
gave given
go
went gone
grow
grew grown

hang
hung hung
have
had had
hear
heard heard
hide
hid hidden
hit
hit hit
keep
kept kept
know
knew known
lay
laid laid
lead
led led
leave
left left
lend
lent lent
let
let let
lie (down)
lay lain lose
lost
lost
make
made made
mean
meant meant
meet
met met
pay
paid paid
prove
proved proved
put
put put
read
read read
ride
rode ridden
ring
rang rung
rise
rose risen
run
ran run
say
said said
see
saw seen
send
sent sent

set
set set
shake
shook shaken
shine (light)
shone shone
shoot
shot shot
show
showed shown
shrink
shrank shrunk
sing
sang sung
sink
sank sunk
sit
sat sat
sleep
slept slept
speak
spoke spoken
spend
spent spent
spread
spread spread
spring
sprang sprung
stand
stood stood
steal
stole stolen
strike
struck struck
swim
swam swum
swing
swung swung
take
took taken
teach
taught taught
tear
tore torn
tell
told told
think
thought thought
throw
threw thrown
wake
woke woke (see entry)
wear
wore worn

win
won won
wind
wound wound
write
wrote written
Is. The third-person singular present tense of be: “He/she/it is important Also see
agreement, auxiliary, conjugation, number, and tense.
It. The third-person singular pronoun is it in both the subjective case and objective
case. See its.
Italics. Slanted type is called italic as distinguished from the normal upright forms called “Roman”: Most printing is in Roman, but some words are italic Italicized words are emphasized for various purposes to indicate titles or names of various things, to distinguish non-English words from English ones, and to draw attention to the words for any other purpose The teacher was reading War and Peace out loud,
but mispronounced the Russian word for ‘war’—voina—and got very angry The example is a bit forced, but it shows the title of a work of literature, a non-English word, and a word italicized for emphasis (very. The use of italics for the last kind of emphasis (or of underlining or quotation marks to do the same thing) is one of those overused devices that should be resorted to only occasionally if at all. Create force and point in your writing in other ways than through typographical enhancement.
When words, letters, or numbers need to be emphasized so that it is clear they are being talked about as words in the grammatical sense rather than being used directly in a sentence, underlining, quotation marks, or italics can be used Grammatical terms like verb or noun can be misunderstood In this book, words that have entries explaining or defining them are set in italic type. See names, titles, and typeface.
It’s. See its.
Its, it’s. Don’t confuse its the third-person singular possessive pronoun, with its a
contraction of it is the rst term is used to indicate something that belongs to something (That is its den, while the second word only stands in place of it is”
(“It’s very clear that we are not welcome here. See pronoun.

J
Japanese. One of the main Asian languages, Japanese has a well-established system of transliteration into English. Inmost everyday writing, the accents that appear in some Japanese words are not used. Consult relevant reference works for details.
Jargon. A specialized vocabulary that is used mainly by a limited group of people in the same work or profession is called jargon. Since the meaning of jargon is known only to a restricted audience, its use limits the number of people who can understand what you are saying or writing. Such a limitation is not a problem if you are addressing only colleagues, professional associates, or peers indeed, it can be a bene t since jargon is often shorthand that lets someone in the know quickly understand what you are trying to say. Jargon conveys information quickly about one’s knowledge, status, and membership in groups. But for more general audiences or those who might not be among the initiated in special usages of words, stick to more commonly recognized terminology.
Jargon: How many megabytes in your box Translated Does your computer have lots of memory Even the second, translated example might be too obscure for those who are not computer literate. Abetter, but longer, question for them might be Does your computer have a large additional storage device to permanently record files?”
Jargon need not be technical. Many people speak in special ways among friends,
neighbors, or others with whom they can identify by some means or other. Such language is also called argot lingo or “slang.” As it becomes more commonly recognized, it merges with colloquial, or everyday, speech and sometimes passes into accepted usage.
Jr. The abbreviation of junior used very often with a comma after appropriate names (Adam Arkin, Jr, but it’s never acceptable as an independent element in a
sentence.

K
Keep, kept, kept. An irregular verb in its main, past tense, and past

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