A- (3) prefix meaning "not," from Gk a-, an- "not," from pie base *ne "not" (see un-)

movement --- c.1374, from move (q.v.). In the musical sense of "major division of a piece" it is attested from 1776; in the political/social sense, from 1828.

movie --- 1912 (perhaps 1908), shortened form of moving picture (1896).

mow (n.) --- stack of hay, O.E. muga, muwa "a heap, swath of corn, crowd of people," earlier muha, from P.Gmc. *mugon (cf. O.N. mugr "a heap," mostr "crowd").

mow (v.) --- O.E. mawan (class VII strong verb; past tense meow, pp. mawen), from P.Gmc. *mæanan (cf. M.L.G. maeyen, Du. maaien, Ger. mähen "to mow," O.E. mæd "meadow"), from PIE base *me- "to mow" (cf. poetic Gk. amao, L. metere, It. mietere, Welsh medi).

moxie --- 1908, popularized by Moxie, trademark name registered 1924 for a bitter non-alcoholic beverage; the word was used as far back as 1876 as the name of a patent medicine advertised to "build up your nerve," and it is perhaps ultimately from a New England Indian word.

mozzarella --- 1911, It. cheese originally made in Naples area, from It., dim. of mozza, a kind of cheese, from mozzare "to cut off," from mozzo "blunt," from V.L. *mutius "cut off, blunted."

Mr. --- 1447, abbreviation of master (q.v.). Used from 1814 with a following noun or adj., to denote "the exemplar or embodiment of that quality" (e.g. Mr. Right, 1922, first in James Joyce; Mr. Fix-It, 1925, first in Ring Lardner; Mr. Big, 1940, first in Groucho Marx). The pl. Messrs. (1779) is an abbreviation of Fr. messieurs, pl. of monsieur, used in Eng. to supply the pl. of Mr., which is lacking.

Mrs. --- 1582, abbreviation of mistress (q.v.), originally in all uses of that word. The pl. Mmes. is an abbreviation of Fr. mesdames, pl. of madame. Pronunciation "missis" was considered vulgar at least into 18c. The Mrs. "one's wife" is from 1920.

Ms. --- (pl. Mses), 1949, considered a blend of Miss and Mrs.

MS. --- 1670, abbreviation of L. manu scriptum (see manuscript); the plural is MSS, after the custom in Mod.L.

Mstislav --- Slavic masc. proper name, lit. "vengeful fame," from Rus. mstit' "to take revenge," from Proto-Slavic *misti "revenge," *mistiti "to take revenge," from PIE *mit-ti-, extended form of base *mei- "to change, go, move" (see mutable); for second element, see Slav.

much --- c.1205, worn down by loss of unaccented last syllable from M.E. muchel, from O.E. micel "great in amount or extent," from P.Gmc. *mekilaz, from PIE *meg- "great." For vowel evolution, see bury.

mucilage --- c.1400, "viscous substance from vegetable material soaked in water," from O.Fr. mucilage (14c.), from L.L. mucilago "musty or moldy juice" (4c.), from L. mucere "be musty or moldy," from mucus "mucus." Meaning "adhesive" is first attested 1859.

muck (n.) --- c.1250, "cow dung and vegetable matter spread as manure," from O.N. myki, mykr "cow dung," from P.Gmc. *muk-, *meuk- "soft." Meaning "unclean matter generally" is from c.1300. The verb meaning "to make dirty" is from 1832; in the fig. sense it is from 1886; to muck about "mess around" is from 1856. Muck-sweat first attested 1699.

muckluck --- 1868, "sealskin," from Eskimo maklak "large seal, sealskin." Meaning of "canvas boots" is from 1962.

muckraker --- one who inquires into and publishes scandal and allegations of corruption among political and business leaders, popularized 1906 in speech by President Theodore Roosevelt, in allusion to character in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" (1684) who seeks worldly gain by raking filth.

mucus --- 1661, from L. mucus "slime, mold, snot," from PIE base *(s)meug- "to slip, slippery, slime" (cf. L. emungere "to sneeze out, blow one's nose," mucere "be moldy or musty," Gk. myssesthai "to blow the nose," myxa "mucus," mykes "fungus," Skt. muncati "he releases"). Replaced O.E. horh, which may be imitative. Mucous (adj.), first recorded 1646, is from L. mucosus, from mucus.

mud --- c.1300, cognate with and probably from M.L.G. mudde, M.Du. modde "thick mud," from P.Gmc. *mud- from PIE *meu-/*mu-, found in many words denoting "wet" or "dirty" (cf. Gk. mydos "damp," Pol. mul "slime," Skt. mutra- "urine," Avestan muthra- "excrement, filth"); related to Ger. schmutz "dirt," which also is used for "mud" to avoid dreck, which originally meant "excrement." Replaced native fen (It., Sp. fango, Fr. fange are Gmc. loan-words). Meaning "lowest or worst of anything" is from 1586. As a word for "coffee," it is hobo slang from 1925. To throw or hurl mud "make disgraceful accusations" is from 1762. To say (one's) name is mud and mean "(one) is discredited" is first recorded 1823, from mud in obs. sense of "a stupid twaddling fellow" (1708). Muddy (adj.) first recorded 1526; as a verb meaning "to make muddy," it is from 1601. Big Muddy in ref. to the Missouri or Mississippi rivers is first recorded 1825.

muddle --- 1596, perhaps freq. of mud (q.v.), or from Du. moddelen "to make (water) muddy," from the same P.Gmc. source. Sense of "make confused" first recorded 1687.

mudsill --- 1685, "lowest sill of a house," from mud + sill (q.v.). The word entered U.S. political history in a speech by James M. Hammond of South Carolina, March 4, 1858, in U.S. Senate, alluding to the very mudsills of society, and the term subsequently was embraced by Northern workers in the pre-Civil War sectional rivalry.

muenster --- type of cheese, 1902, from Münster, mountain valley in Alsace, where it is made; the place name is Ger., lit. "minster."

muesli --- breakfast dish of oats, fruit, milk, 1926, from Swiss-Ger.

muezzin --- official who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque, 1585, from Arabic muadhdhin, properly active part. of adhdhana, frequentative of adhanna "he proclaimed," from uthn "ear." Eng. spelling is from dial. use of -z- for -dh-.

muff (n.) --- warm covering for the hands, 1599, from Du. mof "a muff," shortened from M.Du. moffel "mitten, muff," from M.Fr. moufle "mitten," from O.Fr. moufle "thick glove," from M.L. muffula "a muff," of unknown origin. In 17c.-18c. also worn by men. Meaning "vulva and pubic hair" is from 1699; muff-diver "one who performs cunnilingus" is from 1935.

muff (v.) --- to bungle, 1827, pugilism slang, related to muff (n.) "awkward person" (1837), perhaps from muff (n.) on notion of someone clumsy because his hands are in a muff.

muffin --- 1703, moofin, possibly from Low Ger. muffen, pl. of muffe "small cake;" or somehow connected with O.Fr. moufflet "soft" (said of bread).

muffle (v.) --- c.1430, "to cover or wrap (something) to conceal or protect," perhaps from M.Fr. mofler "to stuff," from O.Fr. moufle "thick glove, muff" (cf. O.Fr. enmoufle "wrapped up"); see muff (n.). Meaning "wrap something up to deaden sound" first recorded 1761. Muffler as a kind of scarf is from 1535; as an automobile exhaust system silencer, it is attested from 1895.

mufti --- 1586, muphtie "official head of the state religion in Turkey," from Ar. mufti "judge," active participle of afta "to give," conjugated form of fata "he gave a (legal) decision." Sense of "ordinary clothes (not in uniform)" is from 1816, perhaps from mufti's costume of robes and slippers in stage plays, which was felt to resemble plain clothes.

mug (n.1) --- drinking vessel, 1570, "bowl, pot, jug," perhaps from Scand. (cf. Swed. mugg "mug, jug," Norw. mugge "pitcher, open can for warm drinks"), or Low Ger. mokke, mukke "mug."

mug (n.2) --- a person's face, 1708, possibly from mug (n.1), on notion of drinking mugs shaped like grotesque faces. Sense of "portrait or photograph in police records (e.g. mug shot, 1950) had emerged by 1887. Verb sense of "make exaggerated facial expressions" is from 1855, originally theatrical slang.

mug (v.) --- to beat up, 1818, originally "to strike the face" (in pugilism), from mug (n.2). The general meaning "attack" is first attested 1846, and "attack to rob" is from 1864 (mugger in this sense is from 1865). Perhaps influenced by thieves' slang mug "dupe, fool, sucker" (1851).

muggins --- fool, simpleton, 1855, apparently from the surname, perhaps influenced by slang mug "dupe, fool" (see mug (n.2)).

muggle --- marijuana, a joint, 1926, originally mainly from New Orleans, of unknown origin.

Muggletonian --- 1670, member of the sect founded by Eng. tailor Lodowicke Muggleton (1609-98).

muggy --- 1731, from mugen "to drizzle" (c.1390), from O.N. mugga "drizzle, mist," related to mjukr "soft," or O.N. mygla "mold," which is cognate with L. mucus "snot."

mugwump --- 1832, jocular for "great man, boss," Amer.Eng., from Algonquian (Natick) mugquomp "important person" (derived from mugumquomp "war leader"); used since 1884 of Republicans who refused to support James G. Blaine's presidential candidacy, hence "one who holds himself aloof from party politics."

Muhammad --- 1615, Mohammed, from Arabic, lit. "the Praiseworthy," name of the prophet of Islam (c.570-632. The earliest form of his name in Eng. was Mahum (c.1205), originally used confusedly for "an idol." Wyclif has Macamethe (c.1380). Mahomet was common until 19c.

mujahidin --- 1958, in a Pakistani context, from Pers. and Arabic, pl. of mujahid "one who fights in a jihad" (q.v.), in modern use, "Muslim guerilla insurgent."

mulatto --- 1595, from Sp. or Port. mulato "of mixed breed," lit. "young mule," from mulo "mule," from L. mulus (fem. mula) "mule," possibly in allusion to hybrid origin of mules. Fem. mulatta is attested from 1622.

mulberry --- 1382, developed from 13c. morberie, or cognate M.H.G. mul-beri (alt. of mur-beri); both from L. morum "mulberry" + O.E. berie, O.H.G. beri "berry." Children's singing game with a chorus beginning "Here we go round the mulberry bush" is attested from 1820s, first in Scotland.

mulch --- 1657, from M.E. molsh (adj.) "soft, moist" (c.1420), from O.E. melsc, milisc "mellow, sweet" (cf. Du. mals "soft, ripe," O.H.G. molawen "to become soft," Ger. mollig "soft"), from PIE base *mel- "to rub, grind."

mulct (v.) --- 1483, from Fr. mulcter "to fine, punish," from L. mulctare, altered from multare "punish, to fine," from multa "penalty, fine," perhaps from Oscan or Samnite. Sense of "defraud" is first recorded 1748.

mule (1) --- offspring of donkey and horse, O.E. mul, O.Fr. mul (fem. mule), both from L. mulus (fem. mula) "a mule," probably from a pre-Latin Mediterranean language.

mule (2) --- loose slipper, 1562, from M.Fr., from L. mulleus calceus "red high-soled shoe," worn by Roman patricians, from mullus "red" (see mullet).

mull (n.) --- promontory (in Scottish place names), 1375, perhaps from O.N. muli "a jutting crag, projecting ridge (between two valleys)," which probably is identical with muli "snout, muzzle." The O.N. word is related to O.Fris. mula, M.Du. mule, muul, O.H.G. mula, Ger. Maul "muzzle, mouth." Alternate etymology traces it to Gael. maol "brow of a hill or rock," also "bald," from O.Celt. *mailo-s (cf. Ir. maol, O.Ir. máel, máil, Welsh moel).

mull (v.1) --- ponder, 1873, perhaps ult. from M.E. mullyn "grind to powder, pulverize," from molle "dust, ashes, rubbish," probably from M.Du. mul "grit, loose earth," related to mill. But Webster's (1879) defined it as "to work steadily without accomplishing much," which may connect it to earlier identical word in athletics sense of "to botch, muff" (1862).

mull (v.2) --- sweeten, spice and heat a drink, 1607, perhaps from Du. mol, a kind of white, sweet beer, or from Flem. molle a kind of beer.

mullah --- title given in Muslim lands to one learned in theology and sacred law, 1613, from Turk. molla, Pers. and Urdu mulla, from Arabic mawla "master," from waliya "reigned, governed."

mullet (1) --- edible, spiny-finned fish, c.1440, from Anglo-Fr. molett, from O.Fr. mulet, from M.L. muletus, from L. mulettus, from mullus "red mullet," from Gk. myllos a marine fish, related to melos "black" (see melanin).

mullet (2) --- hairstyle short on top and long in back, 1996, perhaps from mullet-head "stupid, dull person" (1857), also the name of a type of U.S. freshwater fish with a large, flat head (1866). The term in ref. to the haircut seemed to emerge into pop culture with the Beastie Boys song "Mullet Head".

mulligan --- stew made with whatever's available, 1904, hobo slang, probably from a proper name. The golf sense of "extra stroke after a poor shot" (1949) is sometimes said to be from the name of a Canadian golfer in the 1920s whose friends gave him an extra shot in gratitude for driving them over rough roads to their weekly foursome at St. Lambert Country Club near Montreal. The name is from Gael. Maolagan, O.Ir. Maelecan, a double dim. of mael "bald," hence "the little bald (or shaven) one," probably often a reference to a monk or disciple.

mulligrubs --- fit of the blues, also "colic," 1599, fanciful formation.

mullion --- vertical column between the lights of a window, 1567, metathesis of M.E. moyniel, from Anglo-Fr. moinel, noun use of moienel (adj.) "middle," from Fr. meien "intermediate, mean."

multi- --- comb. form of L. multus "much, many," from PIE base *mel- "strong, great, numerous" (cf. L. melior "better," Gk. mala "very, very much"). Many words that use it (multinational, etc.) are 20c. coinages.

multicultural --- 1941, from multi- + cultural. Often originally in a Canadian context. First record of multiculturalism is from 1965.

multifarious --- 1593, from L. multifarius "manifold," from multifariam "in many places or parts," perhaps originally "that which can be expressed in many ways," from multi- "many" + -fariam "parts," perhaps from fas "utterance, expression, manifestation," related to fari "to speak" (see fame).

multiform --- 1603, from L. multiformis, from multus "much, many" + forma "shape."

multilateral --- 1696, "having many sides," from multi- + L. latus (gen. lateris) "side" (see oblate (n.)). Meaning "pertaining to three or more countries" is from 1802. Multilateralism is first recorded 1928.

multi-media --- 1962, from multi- + media.

multinational (adj.) --- from multi- + national.

multiple --- 1647, from Fr. multiple, from L.L. multiplus "manifold," from L. multi- "many, much" + -plus "fold," from base of plicare "to fold, twist;" see ply (v.)). Multiple sclerosis first attested 1877; multiple exposure first recorded 1923. Multiplicity is from 1587.

multiplication --- c.1384, from Fr. multiplication (12c.), from L. multiplicationem, noun of action from multiplicare (see multiply). Mathematical sense is attested from 1390.

multiply --- c.1150, "to cause to become many," from O.Fr. multiplier, from L. multiplicare "to increase," from multiplex (gen. multiplicis) "having many folds, many times as great in number," from multi- "many" + base of plicare "to fold" see ply (v.)). Mathematical sense is attested from c.1391.

multi-racial --- 1923, from multi- + racial.

multi-tasking --- 1966, originally in computing, from multi- + tasking.

multitude --- c.1325, from L. multitudimen (nom. multitudo, gen. multitudinis) "a great number, crowd," from multus "many, much" + suffix -tudo.

multiverse --- 1895, William James's coinage, an alternative to universe meant to convey absence of order and unity.

mum (interj.) --- 1568, from M.E. mum, mom "silent" (1377), imitative of the sound made with closed lips, as indicative of unwillingness or inability to speak. Phrase mum's the word is first recorded 1704.

mum (n.1) --- abbreviation of chrysanthemum, first attested 1924 in the jargon of gardeners.

mum (n.2) --- 1823, pet word for "mother," short for mummy. In British sociology, used from 1957 in ref. to "the working class mother as an influence in the lives of her children."

mumble --- c.1325, momelen, "to eat in a slow, ineffective manner," probably freq. of mum (interj.). The -b- is excrescent. Meaning "to speak indistinctly" is from 1362. The noun is first attested 1902.

mumblety-peg --- boys' knife-throwing game, 1627, originally mumble-the-peg, of unknown origin.

mumbo jumbo --- 1738, name of an idol supposedly worshipped by certain tribes in Africa; said to be a corruption of words in Mandingo (one version is Mama Dyumbo), but no likely source has been found in the languages of the Niger region, to which the original accounts relate. Meaning "big, empty talk" is attested from 1896.

mummer --- c.1405, probably a fusion of M.Fr. momeur "mummer" (from momer "mask oneself," from momon "mask") and M.E. mommen "to mutter, be silent," related to mum (interj.). OED marks it as "obsolete," but the word, and the custom, are alive and thriving in Philadelphia, U.S.A.

mummy --- c.1400, "medicine prepared from mummy tissue," from M.L. mumia, from Ar. mumiyah "embalmed body," from Pers. mumiya "asphalt," from mum "wax." Sense of "embalmed body" first recorded in Eng. 1615. Mummy wheat (1842) was said to be cultivated from grains found in mummy-cases.

mumps --- type of contagious disease, 1598, from plural of mump "a grimace" (1592), originally a verb, "to whine like a beggar" (1586), from Du. mompen "to cheat, deceive," originally probably "to mumble, whine," of imitative origin. The disease probably so called in allusion to swelling of face during the disease and/or to painful difficulty swallowing.

munch (v.) --- c.1374, mocchen, imitative (cf. crunch), or perhaps from O.Fr. mangier, from L. manducare "to chew." Munchies "food or snack" is first attested 1959; sense of "craving for food after smoking marijuana" is first attested 1971.

Munchausen --- in allusion to unbelievable stories (1850) is in ref. to Baron Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von Münchhausen (1720-97), Ger. adventurer who served in the Rus. army against the Turks; wildly exaggerated exploits attributed to him are told in the 1785 Eng. book "Baron Munchausen, Narrative of his Marvellous Travels," written by Rudolph Erich Raspe (1734-94). As a syndrome involving feigned dramatic illness, it is attested from 1951.

mundane --- 1475, from M.Fr. mondain (12c.), from L. mundanus "belonging to the world" (as distinct from the Church), from mundus "universe, world," lit. "clean, elegant"; used as a transl. of Gk. khosmos (see cosmos) in its Pythagorean sense of "the physical universe" (the original sense of the Gk. word was "orderly arrangement"). L. mundus also was used of a woman's "ornaments, dress," and is related to the adj. mundus "clean, elegant" (used of women's dress, etc.).

mundungus --- tobacco with an offensive odor, 1641, from Sp. mondongo "paunch, tripe, intestines," related to modejo "paunch, belly (of a pig)."

Munich --- in ref. to "appeasement" is from the meeting of Ger., British, Fr. and It. representatives in the Bavarian capital Sept. 29, 1938, which resulted in the cession of Sudetenland to Germany.

municipal --- c.1540, from M.Fr. municipal, from L. municipalis "of a citizen of a free town, of a free town," from municipium (nom. municeps, gen. municipis) "citizen, inhabitant of a free town." Second element is root of capere "assume, take" (see capable). First element is from munus (pl. munia) "service performed for the community, duty, work," also "public spectacle paid for by the magistrate, (gladiatorial) entertainment, gift," from O.L. moenus "service, duty, burden," from PIE *moi-n-es-, generally taken as a suffixed form of base *mei- "to change, go, move;" see mutable; but Tucker says "more probably" from the other PIE root *mei- meaning "bind," so that munia = "obligations" and communis = "bound together." A Roman municipum was a city whose citizens had the privileges of Roman citizens but was governed by its own laws. Municipality (1790) is from Fr. municipalité, introduced in Eng. by Edmund Burke.

munificence --- c.1425, from M.Fr. munificence, from L. munificentia, from comp. stem of munificus "generous, bountiful, liberal," lit. "present-making," from munus (gen. muneris) "gift or service, duty, office" (see municipal) + unstressed stem of facere "to do" (see factitious).

munition --- 1448, from M.Fr. municion "fortification," from L. munitionem (nom. munitio) "a defending, fortification," from munire "to fortify," from moenia "defensive walls," related to murus "wall." By 1533 the sense had passed through "military stores" to become "ammunition."

Munsell --- system of color classification, 1905, named for U.S. painter and professor Albert H. Munsell (1858-1918), who developed it.

Munster --- type of cheese; see Muenster.

Muppet --- Trademark (U.S.) Sept. 26, 1972, claiming use from 1971, but in print from Sept. 1970. Name coined by creator Jim Henson (1936-1990), who said, despite the resemblance to marionette and puppet (they have qualities of both), it has no etymology; he just liked the sound.

mural --- 1471, "a wall," from M.Fr. muraille, from L. muralia, neut. pl. of muralis "of a wall," from murus "wall" (Old L. moiros, moerus). Mural painting attested from 1850; mural as short for this is from 1921.

murder (n.) --- O.E. morðor (pl. morþras) "secret killing of a person, unlawful killing," also "mortal sin, crime, punishment, torment, misery," from P.Gmc. *murthran (cf. Goth maurþr, O.Fris. morth, O.N. morð, M.Du. moort, Ger. Mord "murder"). from PIE *mrtro-, from base *mor-/*mr- "to die" (cf. L. mors, gen. mortis "death;" mori "to die;" see mortal). The spelling with -d- probably reflects influence of Anglo-Fr. murdre, from O.Fr. mordre, from M.L. murdrum, from the W.Gmc. root. Viking custom, typical of Gmc., distinguished morð (O.N.) "secret slaughter," from vig (O.N.) "slaying." The former involved concealment, or slaying a man by night or when asleep, and was a heinous crime. The latter was not a disgrace, if the killer acknowledged his deed, but he was subject to vengeance or demand for compensation.

murex --- kind of shellfish which yields a purple dye, 1589, from L. murex (pl. murices), probably cognate with Gk. myax "sea mussel," of unknown origin, perhaps related to mys "mouse" (see muscle and mussel).

Muriel --- fem. proper name, probably Celtic, lit. "sea bright," cf. Welsh Meriel, Meryl, Ir. Muirgheal, earlier Muirgel, from muir "sea" (see mere (n.)) + geal "bright."

murk --- c.1200, from O.N. myrkr "darkness," from myrkr "dark," cognate with O.E. mierce "dark," from P.Gmc. *merkwjo-, with no known cognates outside Gmc. Murk Monday was long the name in Scotland for the great solar eclipse of March 29, 1652 (April 8, New Style). Murky (1340) was rare before 17c.

murmur (n.) --- c.1381, "expression of discontent by grumbling," from O.Fr. murmure (12c.), noun of action from murmurer, from L. murmurare, from murmur (n.) "a hum, muttering, rushing," probably from a PIE reduplicative base *mor-mor, of imitative origin (cf. Skt. murmurah "crackling fire," Gk. mormyrein "to roar, boil," Lith. murmlenti "to murmur"). Meaning "softly spoken words" is from 1674. The verb is first attested c.1386.

Murphy --- Gael. Murchadh "sea-warrior." The Celtic "sea" element is also in names Muriel (q.v.), Murdoch (O.Ir. Muireadhach, O.Welsh Mordoc "mariner"), etc. Murphy bed (1925) is named for U.S. inventor William Lawrence Murphy (1876-1959). Murphy's law first attested 1958, used of various pessimistic aphorisms. If there ever was a real Murphy his identity is lost to history. Said to be military originally, and probably pre-dates the earliest printed example (the 1958 citation calls it "an old military maxim").

murrain --- cattle plague, c.1330, from O.Fr. moraine "pestilence," from mourir "to die," from L. mori (see mortal).

muscatel --- c.1400, from O.Fr. muscadel, from Prov. *muscadel, dim. of muscat "(grape) with the fragrance of musk," from L.L. *muscatus, from muscus (see musk).

muscle --- 1533, from L. musculus "a muscle," lit. "little mouse," dim. of mus "mouse" (see mouse). So called because the shape and movement of some muscles (notably biceps) were thought to resemble mice. The analogy was made in Gk., too, where mys is both "mouse" and "muscle," and its comb. form gives the medical prefix my-/myo-. Cf. also O.C.S. mysi "mouse," mysica "arm;" Ger. Maus "mouse, muscle," Arabic 'adalah "muscle," 'adal "field mouse." Fig. sense of "force, violence, threat of violence" is 1930, Amer.Eng. The verb first recorded 1913, "to accomplish by strength;" to muscle in is 1929 in underworld slang. Muscle-man was originally (1929) "an underworld enforcer;" sense of "strong man" first attested 1952. Muscle-bound is first recorded 1879. Muscle car "hot rod" is from 1969. Muscular Christianity (1857) is originally in ref. to philosophy of Anglican clergyman and novelist Charles Kingsley (1819-75).