Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
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- Coop Solves – Soft Power
- Space Exploration Good – US Leadership
Coop Solves – LeadershipUS-Sino cooperation in space preserves US diplomatic leadership while promoting a more cooperative international sphere- sitting on the sidelines is not an option Imran, Masters candidate at Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 10 (Mara, “China's space program : a new tool for PRC "soft power" in international relations?” accessed:7-01-11, http://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/5473 pg 102-103)TJL America has shown the rest of the world far too much edgy “hard power” diplomacy, including in the space realm. In doing so, it has isolated itself and thereby harmed its own security. Especially with regard to China, the United States is in danger of mischaracterizing the motivations and rationales behind China’s space program and, as a result, pursuing counterproductive policies that could actually create incentives for other countries to side with China against American interests in space. We have already seen a drop in U.S. dominance in commercial space and the rise of ITAR-free programs as a result of U.S. insecurities about technology transfer. The Chinese ASAT test is usually seen as a military test purely designed as an asymmetric capability to attack America’s overdependence on space assets, normally in the context of a Sino-U.S. wartime scenario (i.e., over Taiwan).351 But as China expands its number of military and civilians satellites and thereby incurring the same space-borne liabilities as the U.S., why is it not also vulnerable to a space attack? Bottom line, as Johnson-Freese argues, “…other countries are clearly interested in working with China on space, regardless of the American stance. Therefore, the United States can either be involved and retain some measure of control through leadership, or watch from the sidelines”.352 It is time for America to shift permanently away from hegemonic ambitions in space, dismantle the idea of space-based weapons and space control, and instead turn towards promoting space cooperation through peaceful projects that can truly serve mankind and preserve the heritage of space as a sanctuary.353 U.S. have no longer monopoly on space technology, and U.S. lead is precariously slipping away in commercial space. If Washington avoids inflammatory rhetoric and demonstrates a sincere willingness to usher in a new era of space cooperation, taking care to build in adequate verification and compliance mechanisms, the rest of the world will follow our lead. For the sake of U.S. own interests and long-term security, sitting on the sidelines is not an option. Coop Solves – Soft PowerNASA will lose primacy – no strong NASA officials Sabathier and Bander, Center for Strategic and International Studies Senior Associates, 9 (Vincent and Ashley, Senior Associates with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Foreign Policy Opportunities for NASA,” Commentary, March 9, 2009, http://csis.org/publication/foreign-policy-opportunities-nasa, accessed 7/7/11, JSkoog) Overly stringent export controls, however, are not the whole of the problem. While space capabilities were developing worldwide, NASA stuck only to the International Space Stations (ISS) international cooperation mode. Recent NASA leadership decided to ignore domestic and international capabilities alike to focus its effort on a new national space transportation system, resulting in additional self-isolation.3 Although international cooperation is incorporated in the very laws that define NASA, these policy and programmatic choices have prevented the U.S. government from making use of civil space as an extraordinarily valuable foreign policy tool—from exercising smart power through space. Just as a number of issues have contributed to the growing isolation of the U.S. space industry, a number of things need to happen to address the problem. In addition to ITAR reform, there is leadership. A NASA administrator must be appointed, and soon. Someone who is respected internally is vital, of course, so that the agency is not stalled in these critical times. Someone who is also respected on the international space scene would send the right signal right away. Further, a NASA administrator who makes U.S. leadership a priority, in cooperation with a new National Space Council and the secretary of state, will help strengthen existing international relationships, and possibly build new ones. Engagement at a policy level is needed to break NASA out of its isolation. Further, the decisions that the new administrator makes about future exploration will have international implications. Many of our partners are anxious to see what the United States will decide to do. And although the decisions about export controls will be made elsewhere in the U.S. government, the NASA administrator might lend an important voice. It is time to secure future U.S. leadership in space, and for that, we need a leader quickly. Space Exploration Good – US LeadershipUS space exploration signals leadership to the rest of the world Sabathier, Center for Strategic and International Studies Technology and Public Policy Program Senior associate, and Faith, Center for Strategic and International Studies Space Initiatives adjunct fellow, 8 (Vincent G., G. Ryan, senior associate with the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program, independent technology consultant and Adjunct Fellow for Space Initiatives at the Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Smart Power Through Space”, 2008, p.3, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080220_smart_power_through_space.pdf, accessed 7/6/11, HK) While a simple increase in the level of national support is a clear signal of our interest in broader engagement and a commitment to a rational balance between all of our soft and hard power activities, it also creates an opportunity for a compelling display of U.S. global leadership. A highly visible commitment to civil space exploration and utilization will restore U.S. credibility and allow the United States to assume its traditional global leadership role. More generally, space exploration is a high-payoff, low-risk opportunity for U.S. leadership—in no case has a significant expenditure of political capital in support of civil space activities failed to provide high returns on investment. The most spectacular returns from space exploration have been cases where the initial engagement, and consequently the visibility of U.S. leadership, has been the greatest. Yet even in cases where a given space initiative fell short of expectations, virtually no penalty was incurred. As we approach the 35th anniversary of the retreat from the lunar surface we must carefully balance our priorities—neither neglecting pressing problems at home nor forgetting future generations. A stable balance between the short and long term and between hard and soft power is contingent in large measure on increased support for civil space operations. Over the longer term, we should strongly consider supporting our civil space activities at a minimum of 1 percent of the federal budget, with a long-term goal of supporting our space program at the rate of 25 cents per American per day. Although it would be sufficient to simply increase funding and aspire to more ambitious goals, an excellent way to augment this effort, restore U.S. leadership credibility, and make the most effective use of space as an instrument of soft power is for the United States to reach out and engage the entire world in areas such as remote sensing, space tracking, and space exploration. Such a leadership initiative will be best focused by promoting short-term and longer-term Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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