Inter-American Court of Human Rights



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Case of Ivcher-Bronstein. Judgment of 6 February 2001. Series C No. 74, para. 146; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ” (Olmedo Bustos et al.). Judgment of February 5, 2001. Series C No. 73, para. 64; and Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (arts. 13 and 29 American Convention on Human Rights). Advisory Opinion OC-5/85 del 13 November 1985. Series A No. 5, para. 30.


86 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 147; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ” (Olmedo Bustos et al.), supra note 85, para. 65; and Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 31.


87 Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 147; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ”, supra note 85, para. 65; and Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 36.


88 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 148; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ” (Olmedo Bustos et al.), supra note 85, para. 66; and Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 32.


89 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 149; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ” (Olmedo Bustos et al.), supra note 85, para. 67; and Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 33.

90 Cf. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (Arts. 13 and 29 American Convention on Human Rights) supra note 85, para. 70.


91 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 152; Case of “The Last Temptation of Christ” Case (Olmedo Bustos et al.), supra note 85, para. 69; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Scharsach and News Verlagsgesellschaft v. Austria, Judgment of 13 February, 2004, para. 29; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Perna v. Italy, Judgment of 6 May, 2003, para. 39; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Dichand and others v. Austria, Judgment of 26 February, 2002, para. 37; Eur. Court. H.R., Case of Lehideux and Isorni v. France, Judgment of 23 September, 1998, para. 55; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, Judgment of 20 September, 1994, Series A no. 295-A, para. 49; Eur. Court H.R. Case of Castells v Spain, Judgment of 23 April, 1992, Series A. No. 236, para. 42; Eur. Court H.R. Case of Oberschlick v. Austria, Judgment of 25 April, 1991, para. 57; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Müller and Others v. Switzerland, Judgment of 24 May, 1988, Seriess A no. 133, para. 33; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Lingens v. Austria, Judgment of 8 July, 1986, Seriess A no. 103, para. 41; Eur. Court H.R., Case of Barthold v. Germany, Judgment of 25 March, 1985, Seriess A no. 90, para. 58; Eur. Court H.R., Case of The Sunday Times v. United Kingdom, Judgment of 29 March, 1979, Seriess A no. 30, para. 65; and Eur. Court H.R., Case of Handyside v. United Kingdom, Judgment of 7 December, 1976, Seriess A No. 24, para. 49.
 Cf. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Media Rights Agenda and Constitutional Rights Project v. Nigeria, Communication Nos. 105/93, 128/94, 130/94 and 152/96, Decision of 31 October, 1998, para 54.

92


93 Cf. U.N. Human Rights Committee, Aduayom et al. v. Togo (422/1990, 423/1990 and 424/1990), report of July 12, 1996, para. 7.4.

94 Inter-American Democratic Charter, approved at the first plenary session of the General Assembly, September 11, 2001, Article 4.


95 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 149.



96 Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 71.


97 The “La Nación” Case. Provisional Measures. Order of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of September 7, 2001, Considering 10.


98 Cf. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, paragraphs 72 and 74.


99 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 150.

100 Cf. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 46; see also Eur. Court H. R., Case of The Sunday Times v. United Kingdom, supra note 91, para. 59; and Eur. Court H. R., Case of Barthold v. Germany, supra note 91, para. 59.


101 Cf. Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, supra note 85, para. 46; Eur. Court H. R., Case of The Sunday Times, supra note 91, para. 59.

102 Cf. Eur. Court H.R., Case of Dichand and others v. Austria, supra note 91, para. 39; Eur. Court H.R, Case of Lingens v. Austria, supra note 91, para. 42.


103 Case of Lingens v. Austria, supra note 91, para. 42.


104 Cf. Eur. Court H.R., Case of Castells v. Spain, supra note 91, paragraphs 42 and 46.


105 Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 155 ; see also Eur. Court H.R., Case of Feldek v. Slovakia, Judgment of July 12, 2001, para. 88, and Eur. Court H.R., Case of Sürek and Özdemir v. Turkey, Judgment of July 8, 1999, para. 60.

106 Eur. Court H.R., Case of Thoma v. Luxemburg, Judgement of March 29, 2001, para. 62.

107 Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 134; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 224; and the Case of “Five Pensioners”. Judgment of 28 February 2003. Series C No. 98, para. 155.


108 Cf. Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez, supra note 20, para. 142; the Case of “Five Pensioners”, supra note 107, para. 163; and the Case of “Street Children” (Villagrán Morales et al.). Judgment of November 19, 1999. Series C No. 63, para. 220.


109 Case of “Street Children” (Villagrán Morales et al.), supra note 108, para. 220.


110 Cf. Case of Baena-Ricardo et al. Competence. Judgment of November 28, 2003. Series C No. 104, para. 79; Case of Cantos. Judgment of November 28, 2002. Series C No. 97, para. 59; and the Case of Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community, Judgment of August 31, 2001. Series C No. 79, para. 135.


111 Cf. Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 200; Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez, supra note 20, para. 120; and Case of Bámaca-Velásquez. Judgment of 25 November 2000. Series C No. 70, para. 188.


112 Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 118; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 202; Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez, supra note 20, para. 124; and Habeas Corpus in Emergency Situations (Arts. 27(2), 25(1) and 7(6) American Convention on Human Rights). Advisory Opinion OC-8/87 of January 30, 1987. Series A No. 8, para. 25.


113 Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 118; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 202; Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez, supra note 20, para. 124; and The Right to Information on Consular Assistance. In the Framework of the Guarantees of the due Process of Law. Advisory Opinion OC-16/99 of October 1, 1999. Series A No. 16, para. 118.

114 Cf. Case of Castillo Petruzzi et al. Judgment of 30 May 1999. Series C No. 52, para. 161.


115 Cf. Case of Baena-Ricardo et al. Competence. Judgment of November 28, 2003. Series C No. 104, para. 95; Case of Cantos. Preliminary Objections. Judgment of September 7, 2001. Series C No. 85, para. 37; and Case of Constantine et al. Preliminary Objections, supra note 24, para. 86.


116 Cf. Case of Baena-Ricardo et al. Competence, supra note 115, para. 77; Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 117; and Case of Juan Humberto Sánchez, supra note 20, para. 121.

117 U.N., Human Rights Committee, M. Sineiro Fernández v. Spain (1007/2001), report of August 7, 2003, paragraphs 7 and 8; and U.N., Human Rights Committee, C. Gómez Vásquez v. Spain (701/1996), report of July 20, 2000, para. 11.1.


118Cf. Case of Ivcher-Bronstein, supra note 85, para. 112; Case of Constitutional Tribunal. Judgment of January 31, 2001. Series C No. 71, para. 77; Case of Castillo-Petruzzi et al., supra note 114, para. 130-131; Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (Arts. 27(2), 25 and 8 American Convention on Human Rights). Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of October 6, 1987. Series A No. 9., para. 20; and Habeas Corpus in Emergency Situations, supra note 112, para. 30.


119 Cf. Eur. Court. H. R., Case of Pabla KY v. Finland, Judgment of June 26, 2004, para. 27; and Eur. Court. H. R., Case of Morris v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of February 26, 2002, para. 58.

120 Cf. Case of Baena Ricardo et al. Judgment of February 2, 2001. Series C No. 72. para. 189; Case of Baena Ricardo et al. Preliminary Objections. Judgment of November 18, 1999. Series C No. 61, para. 37; and Certain Attributes of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (Arts. 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50 and 51 of the American Convention on Human Rights). Advisory Opinion OC-13/93 of July 16, 1993. Series A No. 13, para. 50.

121 Cf. Case of Baena Ricardo et al., supra note 120, para. 191; Case of Loayza-Tamayo. Judgment of September 17, 1997. Series C No. 33, para. 79; and Case of Genie-Lacayo. Judgment of January 29, 1997. Series C No. 30, para. 93.


122 Cf. Case of Baena Ricardo et al., supra note 120, para. 192; and Case of Loayza-Tamayo, supra note 121, paragraphs 80 and 81.


123 Cf. Case of Baena Ricardo et al., supra note 120, para. 193.

124 Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 141; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 234; and Case of Bulacio, supra note 7, para. 70.


125Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 143; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 236; and Case of Bulacio, supra note 7, para. 72.

126 Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 166; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 260; and Case of Bulacio, supra note 7, para. 96.


127 Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7 para. 166; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 260; and Case of Bulacio, supra note 7, para. 96.

128Cf. Case of Maritza Urrutia, supra note 7, para. 182; Case of Myrna Mack-Chang, supra note 7, para. 290; and Case of Bulacio, supra note 7, para. 150.



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