Table of Contents introduction & vocabulary 2



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Depreciation


  • Code § 167(a). Depreciation—General rule.

  • Code § 167(b). Depreciation—Cross reference.

  • Code § 167(c). Depreciation—Basis for depreciation.

  • Code § 168(a). Accelerated cost recovery system—General rule.

  • Code § 168(b). Accelerated cost recovery system—Applicable depreciation method.

  • Code § 168(c). Accelerated cost recovery system—Applicable recovery period.

  • Code § 168(d). Accelerated cost recovery system—Applicable convention.

  • Code § 168(e). Accelerated cost recovery system—Classification of property.

  • Code § 168(g). Accelerated cost recovery system—Alternate depreciation system for certain property.

  • Code § 179(a). Election to expense certain depreciable business assets—Treatment as expenses.

  • Code § 179(b). Election to expense certain depreciable business assets—Limitations.

  • Code § 179(c). Election to expense certain depreciable business assets—Election.

  • Code § 197(a). Amortization of goodwill and certain other intangibles—General rule.

  • Code § 197(b). Amortization of goodwill and certain other intangibles—No other depreciation or amortization deduction allowable.

  • Code § 197(c). Amortization of goodwill and certain other intangibles—Amortization section 197 intangible.

  • Code § 197(d). Amortization of goodwill and certain other intangibles—Section 197 intangible.

§ 1016—you reduce basis by deduction amount of depreciation—we have depreciation because of our realization requirement—lets you take a partial loss deduction before you sell the asset

§ 167 “permits as a depreciation deduction a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear (including a reasonable allowance for obsolescence) of assets used in a trade or business or held for the production of income

§ 168 “provides a mandatory system of depreciation”

§ 197—most intangibles are amortized on a straight line basis over a 15-year period

Depreciation schedule is applied to basis (§ 1011) + any capital expenditures to that basis (§ 1016)



Straight-line method—allocated in equal amounts over useful life

Declining balance method—larger portion of the cost to earlier years, lesser portion in later years—constant percentage

  • What is depreciable?

    • Assets that decline in value

    • Simons case

      • violinists bought an old violin bow for $30,000 and used it—tried to depreciate it over time—can’t depreciate something that is going to retain most of its value

      • if a normal bow costs $3,000 and he’s made this bow useless for playing perhaps he should only be able to depreciate $3,000

      • could deny deductions entirely—to give

Problem Set #12: Depreciation

  1. Ben purchases an asset on January 1, 2009 for $5,000. The asset will produce $1,300 of gross income at the end of each year for five years and will then be worthless.

If Ben were only allowed to deduct “economic depreciation” of the asset, what would his depreciation deductions and net income be for each of the five years? How does this compare to straight line depreciation? (In order to figure out the answer, you can refer to the table below, which shows the present value of the remaining stream of payments that he will receive as of the beginning of each of the five years.)




Nominal Payment

Present Value of Remaining Payments

Payment Date

1/1/09

1/1/10

1/1/11

1/1/12

1/1/13

1

$1,300

$1,188













2

$1,300

$1,086

$1,188










3

$1,300

$993

$1,086

$1,188







4

$1,300

$908

$993

$1,086

$1,188




5

$1,300

$830

$908

$993

$1,086

$1,188

Total

$6,500

$5,004

$4,175

$3,267

$2,274

$1,188

Economic Loss

$830

$908

$993

$1,086

$1,188






















Discount Rate

9.40%





































Economic Depreciation






















1

2

3

4

5




Receipts

$1,300

$1,300

$1,300

$1,300

$1,300




Economic Loss

$830

$908

$993

$1,086

$1,188




Taxable Income

$470

$392

$307

$214

$112






















Straight Line Depreciation






















1

2

3

4

5




Receipts

$1,300

$1,300

$1,300

$1,300

$1,300




Economic Loss

$1,000

$1,000

$1,000

$1,000

$1,000




Taxable Income

$300

$300

$300

$300

$300

























Value

5000
















Useful Life

5















  1. Christopher purchases a machine in August, 2009 for a purchase price of $150,000 that will be useful in his business for 10 years. The salvage value of the machine (the fair market value of the asset at the end of its useful life) is $10,000.

Under current law, how would Christopher recover his cost? Assume that the asset has a guideline life of nine years (which means that it is depreciated over five years) and that Christopher is allowed to, and does, make an election under § 179(c). You need not calculate the exact amount of depreciation in each year.

  • Tangible property § 168

  • Depreciable base § 167(c)(1)

  • In 2009, under § 179(b)(7) he can expense up to $250,0000—we need to know his aggregate income and he cannot have spent more than $800,000 in 2009—only lose the $250,000 to the extent that you go over $800,000—so if you spend $850,000 you can only deduct $200,000

    •  if Christopher has spent less than $800,000 this year he can expense the full $150,000

  • In 2010, expense cap is $125,000

    •  Christopher would expense $125,000

    • Recovery period = 5 years

    • § 168(b)—applicable depreciation method is 200% declining balance method—can elect to do straight line depreciation—half-year convention: you treat the investment as if it were placed in service in the middle of the year  you get half the depreciation deductions

  • If this were commercial real estate

    • § 168(b)—recovery period is 39 years—cannot elect to use straight line depreciation

  • Conversions:

    • You’ve depreciated the entire asset—5.5 years—sell for $10,000—recapture lost basis as ordinary income—§ 1245—to the extent that you have a gain that represents already recovered basis it’s an ordinary gain, NOT a capital gain




  • No incentive to have economic depreciation mirror effective depreciation—a lot of ways that accelerated depreciation has been

  • Efficiency—gives windfalls to taxpayers who would have invested already—are people actually responding to this code, or are they just taking advantage according to their usual investment habits—ways to subsidize investment outside depreciation incentives

    • Real estate is very heavily favored by the tax system

    • Does investment generate externalities? Should we incentivize savings more than wage spending, etc.?

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