International Telecommunication Union


Importance of wireless network connectivity



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2.3 Importance of wireless network connectivity


As the analysis and the examples presented thus far suggest wireless networks provide essential connection of devices in SSC. Without network connection, the devices cannot communicate and operate correctly. The design and location of the antenna sites in a wireless network underpins the entire operation of SSC. The base stations of mobile networks need to be located in close proximity to the devices in order to ensure connection and improved efficiency in their operation. The connected devices operate at low power and have a limited operating distance. The range of the devices usually constitutes the limiting design factor when choosing the physical locations to install base stations.

2.4 Wireless technology power and operating range


Table 1 provides a summary of the ICT wireless technologies, including typical peak transmitter powers, equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and operating distances. The information is relevant to city officials involved in the development of antenna siting policies or the approval of site applications. It illustrates the low powers used by wireless network technologies in comparison to broadcast services.

Table 1 – Summary of the ICT wireless technologies, transmitter powers and operating distances



Technology/Device

Transmitter power

EIRPmax

Operating range

Remarks

Short Range Devices

Bluetooth

0.001 to 0.1 W

0.1 W

up to 100 m

Typical antenna gain is 0 dBi

Smart meter

up to 0.1 W

0.1 W

up to 100 m

Radio frequency identification (RFID)

0.001 – 1 W

4 W

up to 500 m

Antenna gain up to 6 dBi


Wi-Fi access point

0.1 – 1 W

4 W

up to 500 m

DECT base station

0.25 W

0.25 W

up to 100 m

Typical antenna gain is 0 dBi


DECT phone

0.25 W

0.25 W

up to 100 m

Radiocommunication services

Mobile phone

Up to 0.25 W (time averaged)

2 W

1 – 30 km

Antenna gain is 0 dBi

WiMAX router

up to 1 W

1 W

~5 km

Typical antenna gain is 0 dBi

WiMAX network site

3 W

100 W

~35 km

Typical antenna gain is 14 dBi

Mobile network base station (small cells)

1 – 10 W

up to 100 W

100 m – 1 km

Typical antenna gain is 5 – 10 dBi

Mobile network base station (macro site)*

10 – 80 W

2,600 W

1 – 30 km

Additional gain of about 18 dBi and feeder loss of about 3 dB for base station antennas

Typical FM radio station transmitter

1 – 20 kW

197 kW (ERP=120 kW)

< 100 km

Additional gain of about 13 dBi and feeder losses 2 dB per antenna

VHF TV transmitter**

1 – 30 kW

328 kW (ERP=200 kW)

< 150 km

Typical UHF TV transmitter*

1-40 kW

1640 kW (ERP=1000 kW)

< 100 km

Additional gain about 16 dBi

UHF DVB-T transmitter

1 – 5 kW

246 kW (ERP=150 kW)

< 100 km

Typical AM radio station transmitter***

50 – 1,200 kW

3,280 kW (ERP=2000 kW)

>300 km

Additional gain about 4 dBi

Source: Recommendation ITU-T K.70, Appendix II; Recommendation ITU-R BS.1698-0, section 2.1.5.

* Per carrier.

** Nominal analogue TV transmitter power is peak power.

*** Nominal AM transmitter power is carrier power.

UHF = Ultra High Frequency; VHF = Very High Frequency
(see ITU Radio Regulations, Vol. 1, Article 2, 2008).



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