Introduction to instruments
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Digital multimeters:The digital multimeter is an instrument which is capable of measuring a.c. voltages, d.c. voltages, a.c. and d.c. currents and resistances over several ranges. The basic circuit of a digital multimeter is always a d.c. voltmeter as shown in the Fig 
The current is converted to voltage by passing it through low shunt resistance. The a.c. quantities are converted to d.c. by employing various rectifier and filtering circuits. While for the resistance measurements the meter consists of a precision low current source that is applied across the unknown resistance while gives d.c. voltage. All the quantities are digitized using analog to digital converter and displayed in the digital form on the display. The basic building blocks of digital multimeter are several AID converters, counting circuitry and an attenuation circuit. Generally dual slope integration type ADC is prefprred in the multimeters. The single attenuator circuit is used for both a.c. and d.c. measurements in many commercial multimeters. The block diagram of a digital multimeter is shown in the Fig. 
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