It was the site of a victorious battle by the Honvéd army units against the Habsburg forces. – B: 1064, 1031, T: 7456. Vác, Bishopric and Chapter of


Veszprém, Donation Document to the Nuns



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Veszprém, Donation Document to the Nuns – A donation document in the name of Rex Stephanus, Géza István, dated before 1002, together with the donation document written in Latin of 1009, was preserved on parchment paper. This is one of the earliest relics of Hungarian origin. It is held in the National Archives in Budapest. – B: 1138, 1020, T: 7669.
Veterans – After World War I, all veterans from most of the warring countries around the world congregated into associations. Their aim was to preserve the spirit of camaraderie and maintain national traditions, to support their members morally and financially, by establishing mutual beneficiary institutions. In Hungary, the National Veterans Association was founded in 1929. The members wore distinct uniforms, where the golden shoulder knot was reserved for officers, silver for the subalterns, and green for the enlisted men. After World War II, the European Veterans Association was founded in Paris, France, as headquarters; the first president of it was Jacques Kosciusko Morizet, descendant of the legendary Polish national hero. The president of the Hungarian division was Vitéz László (Ladislas) Duska. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Hungarian Veterans’ Association was welcomed into the European Federation. – B: 1078, 1020, T: 3233.→Duska, László.
Vetési, Albert (1410 - Veszprém, 18 June 1486) – Bishop and diplomat. He studied at the University of Vienna and probably at an Italian University and, because of this, he became a member of King Zsigmond’s (Sigismund of Luxembourg, 1387-1437) entourage in Rome in 1433. From 1446 to 1456, he served as Canon of Erdély (Transylvania, now in Romania). In 1452, he was sent to the Austrian Estates on a diplomatic mission with Bishop Ágoston of Győr. Later, as Secretary to Regent János (John) Hunyadi (1446-1453), he was a legate to Rome. In 1455, he joined the royal service and was appointed as legate to Rome and Venice. Pope Callixtus III elevated him to Apostolic Protonotary. Over the course of his career he served in a number of positions; he was Provost, Bishop, Legate and Vice-Chancellor. In 1473, he participated in the Czech-Polish-Hungarian peace negotiations. His final assignment was in Rome and Venice, then in Naples, where he officiated at the marriage of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) and Princess Beatrix of Naples, in 1476. His tomb was discovered in 1957, in the Castle of Veszprém. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.→Zsigmond, King; Hunyadi, János; Mátyás I, King.
Vető, Lajos (Louis) (Viszkok) (Kondoros, 17 October, 1904 - Budapest, 22 September, 1989) – Lutheran Bishop. He studied Theology in Sopron from 1924 until 1928, in Berlin and in Tartu, Estonia from 1929 until 1931. He was ordained in 1928. In 1935, he received his Doctorate in Religious Studies in Pécs. After serving as Assistant Minister in Medgyesegyház from 1928 until 1929, and in Szolnok from 1931 until 1937, he became Parish Minister in Diósgyőr-Vasgyár from 1937 until 1948, and in Nyíregyháza from 1948 until 1952, as well as Bishop of the Tisza Church District. From 1952 until his retirement in 1967, he was Parish Minister in Budapest-Budavár Evangelical-Lutheran Congregation. He was the first Bishop of the newly established Evangelical-Lutheran Northern Church District. He was President of the Hungarian Ecumenical Council, President of the Bible Council of Hungary, a member of the Presidium of the National Peace Council, Presidential member of the Patriotic People’s Front and, between 1953 and 1971, was a Member of Parliament. Vető was a member of the International Psychological Society. His main works are Main Directions of Modern Psychotherapy (A modern pszichoterápia főirányai) (1933) and In wiefern ist der Rechtfertigungsglaube noch lebendig in den evangelischen Gemeinden? (To What Extent is Orthodoxy Still Alive in Evangelical Communities?) (1966). In 1953, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Protestant Theological Academy of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). He received several distinctions for his work. – B: 0883, T: 7667.→Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary.
Vetráb, József Kadocsa (Joseph) (Budapest, 1955 - ) – Historian. He came from an old noble family. His ancestors served the Holy Crown as soldiers, diplomats and priests. After he obtained a goldsmith master’s diploma, he studied French at the Department of Foreign Languages of the Miklós Zrinyi Military Academy, Budapest (1994-1996). He earned a Ph.D. from the University of Budapest (1998-2000). His field of research centers on the Hungarian Sacral Kinship, mapping the traces of cities of the Middle Ages, the system of forts, and also documenting and photographing the still visible traces. He is a member of the Two Ravens Friendly Society (Két Hollós Baráti Társaság). Since 2003 his writings and studies in connection with the Pilis Mountain and the history of the Magyar language have been published in the paper, News of Tura (Turai Hírlap), and in the magazine Dobogó. His published writings include The Environs of Buda in the Árpád Age (Az Árpád-kori Buda és környéke); Island of Hares (Nyulaknak-szigete); Linguistic Relic from the Age of (King) András, vols. i,ii (András-kori nyelvemlékünk I–II); Trojans, Sicambers, Sicans, Franks, vols.i,ii (Trójaiak, szikamberek, szikánok, frankok., I–II); Valley of Kings (Királyok völgye); University of Matthias Corvinus (Hollós Mátyás egyeteme); The Second Mohács (A második Mohács); Viszoko – the Valley of Pyramids (Viszokó – a piramisok völgye); In the Footsteps of Vanished Time (Az eltűnt idő nyomában), and Túr, Tura, Turul. – B: 1935, T: 7690, 7103.→Pilis archeological site.
Vette, György (George) (Graudenz, Poland, 30 October 1645 - Nagyszeben, now Sibiu, Romania), 11 June 1704) – Naturalist, botanist and pharmacist. He studied at Thorn and, after his research student years, from 1672, he was in charge of the pharmacy of Nagyszeben in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). He was the first to provide the gas-content of the Transylvanian mineral waters and to describe the Transylvanian flora. He was a well-known naturalist and a member of the Imperial Academy of Austria. Some of his articles survived, one of them on certain plant-abnormalities. He was the author of the work Observationes de luxuriantibus quibusdam Transylvaniae plantis... (Ephemerides Naturae Curiosorum. Ann. VI – VII. Vindobonae). – B: 0883, T: 7456.
Vetter, Antal (Anthony) (von Doggenfeld) (Mestre, Italy, 3 July 1803 - Budapest, 26 July 1882) – Imperial army officer of Autrian ancestry. He was a Lieutenant-Colonel at Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania) in June 1848; in September he became a colonel and, in November, a general, and Head of the Honvéd General Staff. He was acting Minister of Defense in the absence of Lázár (Lazarus) Mészáros. On 8 March 1849, he became a Lieutenant-General and, after Henrik Dembinszky, he became the Supreme Commander of the Honvéd army; however, due to illness, he was forced to resign. After his recovery, he worked as the head of the engineering section and organized the re-conquest of Bácska. After the capitulation at Világos, he emigrated to England, where he worked as a teacher in Military School. After the 1867 Compromise, he returned to Hungary and settled in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). He is the author of the work The Serbian Attack of 1848-1849 (Az 1848/49-iki szerb támadás) in the journal, Our Country (Hazánk: 1885-1889). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Mészáros, Lázár; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849.
Vezér, Ferenc Szaniszló (Francis) (Transylvania, now in Romania, 1913 - Budapest, 28 March 1952) – Pauline monk, Secretary of Archbishop József (Joseph) Mindszenty. The Communist authorities arrested him in 1951. He was accused of organizing sentries to warn of approaching plundering Soviet soldiers. His case was connected with the show-trial of Bishop József (Joseph) Grösz and he was accused of a fabricated case of armed-conspiracy. He was sentenced to death in June 1951. In prison, he was severely tortured, but he remained steadfast to his faith, and even consoled his jail-mates. He was executed in the prison of Budapest. – B: 1020, 1031, T: 7103.→Pauline Order; Mindszenty, József; Grősz, József.
Victims of the Bolshevik Dictatorship in Hungary – According to the historian Emőke Kovács, the number of Hungarians carried off to the Soviet Union up to 1956 may be put at 600-700 thousand, of whom 220,000 to 260,000 never returned to Hungary. Within Hungary’s borders, from the end of World War II until the 1960s, the Communist regime killed several thousand, and who were vilified were in the hundreds of thousands. The historian Tamás (Thomas) Stark, in one of his studies, states that, in the Holocaust, more than 440,000, but certainly less than 550,000 Jewish Hungarians lost their lives. – B: 1985, T: 7456.→Stark, Tamás; Hungary, history of; Soviet rule in Hungary; Jews in Hungary.
Victor, Gedeon (Gideon) (Budapest, 16 June 1923 - Budapest, 24 January 2004) – Actor. He began his acting career in Pécs in 1944. He became a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest (1945-1946); the Theater at Miskolc (1945-1947, 1955-1957); at Kecskemét (1949-1952); at the Comedy Theater (1952-1954); the State Village Theater (Faluszínház) (1954-1955); the Merry Stage (Vidám Színpad) (1957-1970), and the Thália Theater (Thália Színház) (1970-1973). From 1974 to 1990 he received roles at the Madách Theater (Madách Színház) and, in 1977, he played at the Radnóti Theater (Radnóti Színház), usually playing prose and vocal character roles. He was the author of a number of TV-plays. His roles include Uncle Marci in Kodály’s Háry János; Otto in Katona’s Bánk bán; Dr. Wolff in F. Molnár’s One, Two, Three (Egy, kettő, három); second villager in Fiddler on the Roof (Hegedűs a háztetőn); and Jonathan in Tolcsvay-Müller’s God’s Money (Isten pénze). There are more than 10 feature films to his credit including The Lieutenant of Rákóczi (Rákóczi hadnagya) (1954);, Sword and Cube (Kard és kocka) (1959); Moneymaker (Pénzcsináló) (1964), and the Sons of the Stonehearted Man (A kőszívű embere fiai) (1963). Among his TV films are Zrinyi (1973); Hungary 1848-1849 (Magyarország 1848-1849) (1983), and Police-raid at the Golden Eagel (Razzia az Aranysasban) (1991). – B: 1445, 1719, T: 7456.→Victor, János; Victor, Máté.
Victor, János (John) (Budapest, 4 June 1888 - Budapest, 19 June 1954) – Minister of the Reformed Church, theologian. He completed his Theological studies in Budapest, where he also read Philosophy. He spent one year at the University of Princeton, USA, received a B.A. in Theology, in 1924 a Ph.D. in Philosophy, and became an honorary lecturer (privatdocent) at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest. Between 1925 and 1932, he was Professor of Theology at the same Academy. In 1932 he was called to serve at the Szabadság Square Church in Budapest, where he built the modern Church of Homecoming (A hazatérés Temploma). In 1949, he returned to his post at the Theological Academy of Budapest, as Professor of Dogmatics and Ethics. His outstanding works are In the Holy of Holies (A szentek szentjében) (1926); Rise Up, Beloved Zion (Térj magadhoz, drága Sion) sermons (1930); He and Us (Ő és mi) sermons (1932); Blissful Captivity (Boldog rabság) (1933), and The Reformed Creed (Református Hiszekegy) (1943). He also translated the works of Harry Emerson Fosdick and J. Calvin. He was one of the gifted servants of the Reformed awakening, of student mission work, of congregational building, and of scientific theology. – B: 0911, T: 7617.→Victor, Gedeon; Victor, Máté.
Victor, Máté (Matthew) (Budapest, 26 February 1945 - ) – Composer and singer. He began his musical studies at the Béla Bartók Music Educational High School, studying composition under Rezső (Rudolph) Sugár; he continued his studies at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, under Ferenc (Francis) Farkas. In 1968-1969, he was on a scholarship in Warsaw, where he studied mainly electronic music. At the beginning of the 1970s, his interest turned toward pop music. Since 1974, he has created a number of electronic music works. He wrote music for stage works, and composed for some musicals. On occasion, he appeared in singing roles for some of these musicals, e.g. High Priest Asztrik in Szörényi-Bródy’s Stephen the King (István a király). His works include Villon and the Others (Villon és a többiek) (1976); Foolish Istók (Bolond Istók) (1977); Hungarian Electronic Music (Magyar elektronikus zene) (1979); Electronic Music by Young Hungarian Composers (Fiatal magyar zeneszerzők elektronikus kompoziciói) (1983); Cyrano (1983), and You Have to Live and Die Here (Itt élned, halnod kell) (1985). He received a number of prizes, including the Erkel Prize (1985), the Emerton Prize (1997), the Artisjus Prize (2005), and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary, Civil Class (2005). – B: 1445, 1852, T: 7456, 7103.→Victor, János; Victor, Gedeon; Sugár, Rezső; Farkas, Ferenc.
Vidákovits, Kamilló (Újmoldva, now Moldova Nouǎ, Romania, 18 January 1879 - Szeged, 6 August 1967) – Physician and surgeon. In 1903 he was a ship’s doctor and a carieer army officer. Between 1909 and 1920, he was a lecturer at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania); in 1914 he was an honorary lecturer (privatdozent); from 1921 he was Professor and Head of the Surgical Clinic of the University of Szeged. He dealt chiefly with abdominal and thoracic surgery. His works include The Surgical Complaints of the Inflamed Rectum (A végbél gyulladásos sebészeti bántalmai) (1914), and On the Early Surgery of Gallstones (Az epekövek korai műtétjéről) (1926). – B: 1730, T: 7456.

Vidnyánszky, Attila (Beregszász, now Berehove, Carpatho Ukraine, 8 March 1964 - ) – Theater and film director. His higher studies were at the University of Ungvár (now Ushhorod, Ukraine), where he read Hungarian Literature and History, and obtained a Degree in 1985. He taught at a village for two years, and after he was admitted to the Theater and Cinematic Art of the University of Kiev, and obtained a diploma of stage-manager in 1992. He taught at the same University from 1990 to 1997. In 1992, he was the founder of the Gyula (Julius) Illyés Hungarian National Theater (Illyés Gyula Magyar Nemzeti Színház) in Beregszász which, since 2008 is the Hungarian County Drama Theater of Sub-Carpathia (Kárpátaljai Megyei Magyar Drámai Színház). He is its Artistic Director and Chief Manager. He also worked in Hungary, e.g. at the old National Theater in 1999, and at the Hungarian Theater of Pest (Pesti Magyar Színház) from 2000. He was a leading stage-manager of the Hungarian State Opera House, Budapest, in 2004, and from 2006, he has been an artistic director of the Csokonai Theater (Csokonai Színház), Debrecen. His numerous stage management works include S. Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (Godotra várva); L. Földes-Hobo’s Vagabonds’ Ten Commandments (Csavargók Tíz Parancsolata); Hunting (Vadászat); J. Katona’s Bánk bán; I. Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember trgédiája); Zs. Móricz’s Gentlemen Fun (Úri muri); W. Shakespeare’s The Winter's Tale (Téli rege), and R. Wagner’s e. Die Mestersinger von Nürnberg (A Nürnbergi mesterdalnokok). He shot films too, e. g. Liberté 56 (2007). During his career he created a unique theater language what he called „Poetic Theater” (Költői színház). In 2005, he was elected member of the Hungarian Art Academy of Sciences. He is a recipient a number of distinctions, including The Gold Lion Prize (1995), the Mari Jászai Prize (2002), the Merited Artist of Ukraine (2002), the Knight of Culture (2003), the Gundel Prize (2004), the Silver Cross of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2004), For the Hungarian Art (2007), and the Kossuth Prize (2011). – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Földes, László.
Vidor, Dezső (Desider) (Nagykereki, 15 February 1870 - Budapest, 29 April 1945) – Actor, manager, theater secretary, teacher of actors and theater historian. He graduated from the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1893. He became a character actor, manager and deputy director in country theaters. From 1898 to 1901, he was Manager for the Hungarian Theater (Magyar Színház), Budapest and, it was in 1901 that he joined the Opera House, Budapest, where at first he worked as draftsman, later as Stage Manager (1902-1908); for two periods (1908-1918, 1922-1931), he worked as a secretary, and between 1931 and 1944, the collection of relics was in his care. From 1918 to 1922, he worked in the Art Section of the Ministry of Education and Religion, dealing with theater life in the countryside. From 1910 he was also a member of the Directorate of the National Actors’ Association, and was a teacher in the Association’s School; from 1923 to 1936, he led the Association. He translated opera librettos, e.g. The Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága), and authored works on theater history and theater theory. It was to his merit that the collecting and research work of the history of the Opera House, Budapest, began in earnest. He was also active in Acting Pedagogy. His books include About Stage Performance (A szinészetről) (1905), and The Theater Author and his Work (A színpadi szerző és munkája) (1906). His translations include Karel Weis: The Polish Jew (A lengyel zsidó) (1902), and Mozart: Marriage of Figaro (Figaro házassága) (1928). – B: 1445, 1742, T: 7456.
Vidor, Ferike (Frances) (Franciska Wechselmann) (Budapest, 2 June 1889 - Budapest, 23 January 1970) – Actress. After studying at the Acting School of Szidi Rákosi, she graduated from the school of the National Actors’ Association in 1907. She first appeared on the stage of the Theater Company of Ákos Bihari, in Kecskemét. From 1909 she worked on the stage of various Budapest cabarets, such as the Modern Stage (1909-1912), the Apollo Cabaret (1916-1920), the Merry Stage (Vidám Színpad) (1924), the Rakéta Cabaret (1925), the Andrássy Boulevard Theater (Andrássy úti Színház) (1927-1928), the Bethlen Plaza Theater (1929-1930), and the Comedians’ Cabaret (1931-1932). Concurrently, she appeared in the Royal Orpheum in Vienna (1920-1924), and in a Berlin theater in the late 1920s. She played some roles at the Inner City Theater (Belvárosi Színház) and the Artist’s Theaters (Művész Színházak) and also on the Independent Stage (Független Színpad) during 1937 and 1938. Between 1940 and 1944 she took part in the artists’ campaign. From 1945 to 1952 she was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest and, at the same time, she also acted for the Inner City Theater (1949-1951). From 1953 to 1959 she appeared on the Merry Stage (Vidám Színpad). Ferike Vidor’s servants’ songs, which were written for her by her second husband, Andor (Andrew) Gábor, determined the genre of the Hungarian Cabaret. She made use of her humor and idiosyncratic characterizing ability in character and episode roles too. Her roles include Mrs. Hollunder in F. Molnár’s Liliom, and Anyó in Zs. Móricz’s Crafty Matt, the Goose-herd (Ludas Matyi). She appeared in feature films, including Pastry Shop in Buda (Budai cukrászda) (1936); The Headmistress (A tanítónő) (1945), and Foothold (Talpalatnyi föld) (1948). Her book is entitled I Kiss Your Hand! (Kezitcsókolom!), recollection (1942). She received the Merited Artist title in 1957. – B: 1445, 1742, T: 7456.→Gábor, Andor.
Vidor, Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Nagykálló, 7 October 1835 - Budapest, 1 March 1908) – Physician, ophthalmologist. In 1860 he obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Pest; in 1861 and 1862, he continued his studies at the University of Vienna as a research student of Professor Jäger. From 1862 until 1901, he practiced in Pest as a physician and ophthalmologist. From 1868 he also worked at the Poor Children’s Hospital of Pest. From 1871 he was Senior Ophthalmologist of the Jewish Hospital of Pest. He edited the Ophthalmology supplement of the paper, Medical Weekly. He translated Stellwag’s Practical Ophthalmology (1868). His works also include Rückblick auf die im Pester Kinderspitale vom 1. Jänner 1869 bis 31. Deczember 1971 behandelten Augenkrankheiten (1883). – B: 1730, T: 7456.
Vidrócki, Márton (Martin) (Monosbél, 12 November 1837 - Mátraverebély, 8 February 1873) – The outlaw of the Mátra Mountain. His father was a shepherd. According to folk tradition, he became an outlaw because he was an army deserter; another variation states that, as a young herdsman, he beat up his head shepherd. The legends also contain: romantic love, orphanhood and illegitimate origin. According to legend, he was a handsome, valiant man, well equipped with pistols and shotguns. According to popular belief, bullets did not hurt him; he punished his enemies cruelly, and was most generous with those who helped him. He only robbed the rich and never hurt the poor. There are many stories about his boldness, his wild nature and his revelries. On account of all these, his name was revered among the people. There were even several versions about his death. According to one story, it was his lover who betrayed him. According to another, one of his partners killed him. Information from contemporary newspapers proves the latter. It was Zoltán Kodály, who revived his life and death in his choral work for mixed Choir “Pictures from the Mátra Mountain” (Mátrai Képek): Vidrócki’s Famous Flock… (A Vidrócki hírös nyája…), based on a folksong. A wayside inn bears his name, and also the folk dance ensemble in Gyöngyös. – B: 1031, T: 7684.→Rogue; Highwaymen’s Time; Rózsa, Sándor; Sobri, Jóska; Savanyú, Jóska; Zöld, Marci; Kodály, Zoltán.
Vienna, Avar relics of – There were approximately 40,000 Avar graves excavated in Vienna’s eight city districts. The sites lead from the inner district to the outer peripheries of the city. The 500 graves excavated in the XI District prove that, between the 6th and 8th centuries, the Avars inhabited the area. The contents of the graves excavated so far are, in all probability, only a fraction of what still lies beneath the buildings. Based on the location of the cemeteries, one can establish the approximate relationship of the Avar settlements, which proves the continuity of Avar generations for 250 years. There are few geographic areas in Austria that yielded so many Avar cemeteries as Vienna and the neighboring Vienna Basin. The grave-finds point not only to historical presence, but also to chronological continuity. The geographic location of the excavated graves demonstrates an unbroken chain of Avar settlements from Vienna to Wiener Neustadt, and to the River Leitha (Lajta) to the east, or even farther. Comparative analysis of the finds shows that the Avars were living in tribal organizations in this region of Austria, even beyond the second half of the 9th century. Avars are believed to be relatives of Magyars. – B: 0881, 1020, T: 7617.→Avars.
Vienna Award I (the First), on September 30, 1938. – The leaders of Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany agreed to return to Germany the land of the Sudeten Germans (Sudetenland), which had been ceded to Czechoslovakia with some 3 million ethnic Germans by the Versailles Peace Treaty after World War I. The Munich Appeasement Accord had a supplementary declaration concerning Polish and Hungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia. In so far as the States concerned failed to reach an agreement, the four great powers themselves would deal with the issue at the next meeting.

The signatory the four great powers of the Munich Protocol also recognized the legitimacy of the Hungarian territorial claims with respect to the Hungarian inhabited territories of Czechoslovakia. Lord Hastings, British Minister of Foreign Affairs, confirmed in a speech the legitimacy of the claim in Edinburgh, on 24 October 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain reiterated this position in a letter to Rear Admiral Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary. On 2 October 1938, the Czechoslovakian Government transferred 16,270 inhabitants to Poland from the northern boundary territory of historic Hungary, pursuant to the Munich Accord. On 9th October, the Governments of Hungary and Czechoslovakia met in Komárom concerning the return of territories of Northern Hungary (Felvidék), inhabited by Hungarians, to the mother country. The Hungarian Government’s position was to insist upon the return of the southern belt of Slovakia, entirely inhabited by Hungarians, contiguous with three substantial and a few inconsequential territories of mixed population districts, but still with a Hungarian majority. Slovakia was to receive the northwestern third. Plebiscites were to be held in Carpatho-Ruthenia and Eastern Slovakia, which were half Slovak and half Ruthenian, Hungarian and German. The Slovaks did not insist on the entirely Hungarian territories but, contrary to Hungarian aspirations, they demanded the regions of mixed inhabitants, even though there was a Hungarian majority, and they outright rejected the notion of a plebiscite anywhere. Hungarian public opinion considered Hungarian efforts excessively tame and moderate. The agreement fell through over the future of the cities of Kassa and Pozsony, now renamed Kosiče and Bratislava. While the Hungarians requested a plebiscite, the Slovaks stuck firmly to arbitration and the Hungarians finally gave in, agreeing to the four-power decision. Great Britain and France let Germany and Italy decide. By default, these two concluded the arbitration in the name of all four. On 2 November 1938, in the Belvedere Palace in Vienna, Austria, the foreign ministers of Germany and Italy, Joachim von Ribbentrop and Count Galeazzo Ciano, effected the arbitration, which was accepted by both Hungary and Slovakia. According to it, 11,927 km² with 869,299 persons (86.5% ethnic Hungarian and 9.8 % Slovakian), returned to Hungary. 70,000 Hungarians remained in Slovakia, i.e. 10 % of the Hungarian population of the former Slovakia. The cities of Kassa, Ungvár and Munkács were returned to Hungary. Pozsony and Nyitra remained in Slovakia under the name of Bratislava and Nitra. On 5 November 1938, the Hungarian Army peacefully marched into the designated areas. This was the first peaceful revision of the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate forced upon Hungary on 4 June 1920.



Toward the end of World War II, the armistice, signed by the Hungarian Provisional National Government – under Soviet pressure – declared the First Vienna Award null and void by decree No.526/1945. The Paris Peace Treaty on 10 February 1947, returned the gained historic territories with a majority Hungarian population to Czechoslovakia, except Carpatho-Ruthenia, which was given to the Soviet Union. However, during these events, Hungary was under strong and prolonged Soviet military occupation (1945-1991). – B: 1230, 1288, 1020, 1031, T: 7661, 7103.→Horthy, Miklós; Ciano, Count Geleazzo; Joachim von Ribbentrop; Atrocities against Hungarians.

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