It was the site of a victorious battle by the Honvéd army units against the Habsburg forces. – B: 1064, 1031, T: 7456. Vác, Bishopric and Chapter of


Virgin Mary Lamentation→Maria’s Lamentation, Old Hungarian



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Virgin Mary Lamentation→Maria’s Lamentation, Old Hungarian.
Visegrád (In Slavic: “High Castle”; in German: “Plintenburg”) – Town in the Danube Bend, north of Budapest, a popular summer resort, on the right banks of the Danube, situated between Esztergom and Vác, 108 m above sea level. The settlement Gizellatelep is joined to it and opposite, across the Danube is Nagymaros. South of it is Szentgyörgypuszta. The town is at the northern foot of the Visegrád Range, composed of young volcanic rocks and tuffs, mainly andesite. Outside the town, there are quarries. There are many summer villas, a forestry office, and a sanatorium. Its population was 1508 in 1901; 1720 in 1930; 1667 in 1941; and 1654 in 2002. Steeply facing the Danube, there is the Royal Castle-fort at 328 m height, from the times of the Árpád dynasty. King András I (Andrew, 1046-1060) founded a monastery for Greek monks, and it was this monastery into which King László I (St.Ladsislas, 1077-1095) locked King Salamon in 1082. King Béla IV (1235-1270) built the castle fortress after the Tartar-Mongol invasion and devastation of 1241-1242. The golden age of Visegrád was in the 14th and 15th centuries. King Károly (Charles Robert, 1307-1342) made it the Royal Seat, and had a splendid palace built here, in which he received foreign rulers and dignitaries, and held the famous Congress of Visegrád in 1335. The lords of the realm held King Zsigmond (Sigismund of Luxembourg, 1387-1437) captive in this fort, and King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) locked up the rebellious Archbishop János (John) Vitéz here. Mátyás had a splendid castle built at the foot of the cliff, surrounded by the palaces of the noblemen. In 1529, Ottoman Turks occupied the castle and it was left in destruction and decay. It was freed from Turkish rule in 1684. In 1702, even the remnants and ruins of the palaces and castles of Károly Robert and King Mátyás I were blown up by the Habsburg ruler; only a small section of the upper castle, the Salamon-tower, and the connecting bastions were left intact. The excavations, begun in 1940, unearthed a part of the 14th century palace and castle chapel. In the deciduous state forests of the surroundings can be found the famous auroch (European wild ox). – B: 1068, 1582, 1816, 7456, T: 7456.→Visegrád Group.
Visegrád Group – Three Central European countries: Hungary, Czecholslovakia and Poland formed it on 15 February 1991 at the historical castle town of Visegrád, Hungary. The three countries made an agreement for co-operation and strengthening Central European identity. Slovakia became member after the dissolution of Czechslovakia in 1993. All four members of the Visegrád Group became part of the European Union on 1 May 2004. The Visegrad Group is the seventh largest economy in Europe and the 13th in the world. The name of the Group is derived from a meeting of the Bohemian, Polish and Hungarian rulers in Visegrád in 1335. Charles I (Károly) of Hungary, Casimir III, of Poland and John of Luxembourg of Bohemia agreed to create new commercial routes to obtain easier access to other European markets. – B: 1011, 1031, T: 7103.
Viski, András (Andrew) (Visky) (Marosvásárhely, now Târgu Mureş, Romania, 13 April, 1957 - ) – Writer, poet and dramaturge. He was the seventh child born into the family of a minister of the Reformed Church. His parents were deported to one of Romania’s Gulag camps, and the seven children lived in a state orphanage; they were reunited with their father only after eight years of separation. Viski studied at the Technical University of Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania), and graduated in 1982. He was employed as a designing engineer at the engineering works “Unio” in Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Romania) and at the “IPA”’ works of Marosvásárhely. From 1990 he was a dramaturge for the Hungarian State Theatre of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), and from 1991 to 199, he was a senior lecturer at the Art College in Marosvásárhely. From 1991 to 1994 he was an editor of the journal, Our Age, (Korunk); from 1994 he was Senior Editor of Koinónia Publisher. From 1994 to 1996, he was a serial-editor of the Ariadne Books. Viski spent 2009-2010 as a guest professor at Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI., USA. He is a member of a number of literary societies, including the Hungarian Writers Association of Budapest, and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Soros Foundation of Romania. He wrote a radio play, Vércseh, and the libretto for an opera, Parafarm. He was awarded the Soros Scholarship in 1995. His works include Landing (Partraszállás) poems (1984); Snowy Owl (Hóbagoly) poems (1992); Hamlet Departs (Hamlet elindul) theatrical writings (1996), and Morning Tranquility (Reggeli csendesség) essays, 1996. His stage managerial works include Shakespeare’s As You Like It (Ahogy tetszik), Twelfth Night (Vízkereszt); E. Ionesco’s The Bald Soprano (A kopasz énekesnő); The Chairs (A székek), and M. A. Bulgakov’s The Cabal of Hypocrites (Képmutatók cselszövése). His works appeared in Romanian, English, Bulgarian, Italian, French and Slovenian translations. His plays are on the stage in Hungarian, Romanian, Serbian and American theatres. He is the recipient of a number of distinctions, including the Essay Prize, Marosvásárhely (1991), the Poesis Prise, Szatmárnémeti (1995), the Soros Prize (1999), the S. Quasimodo Prize (2001), the Gáspár Károli Prize, the Ernő Szép Prize (2002), the Artisjus-János Arany Foundation Prize (2004), and the Attila József Prize (2009). – B: 1036, T: 7456, 7103.
Viski, János (1) (John) (Szokolya, 1891 - 1985) – Painter. His higher studies were at the Academy of Fine Arts, Budapest, where he studied under Tivadar (Theodore) Zemplény. His first exhibition dates back to 1913. He excelled in painting animals, especially horses; and not just the animals, but their movements too, which he brilliantly portrayed. Forms and colors were his main tools in animals and landscapes. His works reflect that supreme blend, achieved by a gifted artist. Featuring motion and forms as well as color effects in open-air locations. His work include Self-portrait, (Önarckép); Woman in White in Armchair (Fehérruhás nő fotelben); Hunting (Vadászat); Shepherd (Juhász); Wild Horses (Vad lovak); Horses in a Storm (Lovak viharban); Cowboy (Csikós), and Coach Ride at full Speed (Vágtató szekér). His pictures express strength, movement and impressionist characters. His paintings are displayed in several museums, galleries and show rooms, and many of them can be found in private collections in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. In 1936, he was awarded the Grand Prix at the 1936 Salon des Beaux Arts in Paris. – B: 1031, T: 7103.
Viski, János (2) (John) (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), 10 June 1906 - Budapest, 16 January 1961) – Composer. First, he wanted to become a violin virtuoso; however, he abandoned this plan, and at the age of 19, he switched to the study of composition. In 1927 he was a student of Zoltán Kodály at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. In 1941 he became a teacher at the National Music School (Nemzeti Zenede) in Budapest. In 1941 he was Director of the Music Conservatory in Kolozsvár (after northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary between 1940 and 1944). From 1942 until his death, he was Professor of Composition at the Music Academy of Budapest. Among his works are: Symphonic Suite (Szimfónikus szvit) (1937); Two Hungarian Dances (Két Magyar tánc) (1938); Enigma (1939); Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (Versenymű hegedűre és zenekarra) (1947); Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (Versenymű zongorára és zenekarra) (1953); Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra (Versenymű csellóra és zenekarra) (1955); The Stag of Irisora (Az irisorai szarvas) ballad (1957), and Choir works, Songs (Kórusművek, dalok). For his compositions, he was awarded the Greguss Memorial Medal (1942), the Erkel Prize (1954), the Merited Artist title (1955), and the Kossuth Prize (1956). – B: 0883, T: 7103.→Kodály, Zoltán; Hidas, Frigyes; Ledvai, Kamilló; Pál, Tamás; Petrovis, Emil.
Viski, Károly (Charles) (Torda, now Tursa, Romania, 14 April 1883 - Budapest, 5 September 1945) – Ethnographer and linguist. He completed his secondary and higher studies in Torda and the Reformed College of Székelyudvarhely (now Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania) in Transylvania; later, he obtained a Degree in Education from the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), and earned a Ph.D. in Finno-Ugrian Linguistics in 1906. From 1908, he worked as a teacher in high schools in Torda, Nagyszalonta (now Salonta, Romania), Székelyudvarhely and Budapest. For political reasons, he gave up his teaching career and, from 1919, he began working in the ethnographic section of the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest, from 1922 as a curator. In 1940, when the Second Vienna Award returned northern Transylvania to Hungary, he was appointed Professor of Ethnography at the University of Kolozsvár (now again Cluj-Napoca, Romania). From the end of World War II until his passing, he lectured at the University of Budapest. He published a number of significant studies in the field of folk art and linguistics. For a number of years (1941-1945) he was Director of the Ethnographic Institute and Head of the National Advisory Board for Public Collections. Together with István (Stephen) Györffy and Zsigmond (Sigismund) Bátky, he edited and wrote several chapters of the 4-volume collective work entitled The Ethnography of Hungarians (A magyarság néprajza). He worked extensively to acquaint other countries with Hungarian folk art. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1945. His other works include The Dialect of Torda (A tordai nyelvjárás) (1906); Les hongrois de Transylvanie. L’art populaire (1920); Szekler Embroideries (Székely hímzések) (1924); Szekler Carpets (Székely szőnyegek) (1928); Hungarian Peasant Customs (1932); Hungarian Dances (1937), and Ethnic Groups, Regions (Etnikai csoportok, vidékek) (1938). He achieved a great deal in promoting Hungarian folk art in wide circles, also in other languages. – B: 0883, 1134, 1257, T: 7456.→Győrffy, István (1); Bátky, Zsigmond.
Visky, Árpád (Székelyvécke, now Veţca, Romania, 8 July 1940 - Sepsiszentgyörgy, now Sfintu Gheorghe, Romania, 12 January 1986). – Actor. He graduated from the Institute of Dramatic Art at Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mureş, Romania) in 1963. In his college years, with promising talent, he played Tartuffe alternately with his teacher György (George) Kovács. Between 1963 and 1965, he was an actor at the Hungarian State Theater (Magyar Állami Színház) at Sepsiszentgyörgy; from 1968 to 1974, he was at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Marosvásárhely; from 1975 to 1983 again at the theater of Sepsiszentgyörgy. At the People’s Theater (Népszinház) of Székelyudvarhely (now Odorheiu, Romania), he staged Harold Pinter’s piece The Go-Between (A gondnok). He avoided the stentorian tone, but he always created tension on the stage. On 23 February 1983, the Romanian authorities arrested and imprisoned him; he was only freed on 23 August 1984, but was not allowed to appear on the stage. He had to work in a factory as an unskilled laborer. His shattered nervous system could not stand this situation for long, and he committed suicide, aged 46. His roles included Mayor in Dürrenmatt’s The Visit of the Old Lady (Az öreg hölgy látogatása); Kurrah in Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde, Tibors in J, Katona’s Bánk bán, and Catavencu in I. L. Caragiale’s The Lost Letter (Az elveszett levél). The Culture House at Sepsiszentgyörgy was named after him, and his relief is on its wall. – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456.
Vita, Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Nagyenyed, now Aiud, Romania, 16 June 1906 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca Romania, 1 January 1998) – Literary historian. He completed his high school studies at the Bethlen College, Nagyenyed, in 1924, where he was the president of the Literary Society under the direction of Lajos (Louis) Áprily. He received a Degree in Hungarian, Romanian and French from the University of Kolozsvár, in 1928. He studied in Paris and Grenoble for a year, was a teacher at the Bethlen College of Nagyenyed from 1928, and worked at the Bethlen Library from 1956 until his retirement in 1968. The publishing of his works was banned between 1944 and 1968. A selection from his works: Nation and Fate in Bánk bán (Nemzet és Sors a Bánk bán-ban) (1941); Tales of the Blind King (A vak király meséi) (1943); Dramatic Art of the Bethlen College in the 17th and 18th Centuries (A Bethlen kollégiumi színjátszás a XVII és XVIII században) (1943); With Knowledge and Deed, studies (Tudománnyal és cselekedettel) (1968); Lajos Ápily, the Man and the Poet (Ápily Lajos az ember és a költő) (1972); Jókai in Transylvania (Jókai Erdélyben) (1976); The Melting Foundry of Enyed (Az enyedi kohó) (1986), and Years and Men in Enyed (Enyedi évek, enyedi emberek) (1998. – B: 0878, 1257, T: 7103.→Áprily, Lajos.
Vitális, István (Stephen) (Orosháza-Szentetornya, 14 March 1871 - Budapest, November 1947) – Geologist. He completed his high school studies in Szarvas, after which he obtained a Degree in Education from the University of Budapest, majoring in Natural Science and Geography. In 1893 he became a demonstrator under the renowned professor Lajos (Louis) Lóczy. Later, he worked as a high school teacher in Budapest and in Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia). In 1903 he was appointed assistant lecturer in the Geology Faculty of the Mining Engineering and Forestry Academy of Selmecbánya where, in 1912, he became Professor of Geology and Mineralogy. In 1920 he continued to work in this position in Sopron, to where the entire Academy moved because Selmecbánya was ceded to Slovakia (at that time part of Czechoslovakia) as a result of the Dictated Peace of the Treaty of Versailles-Trianon (1920). In Sopron, he was Professor of Geology and Stratigraphy. Later, he became Professor of Mining Engineering at the Budapest Polytechnic until his retirement in 1941. Vitális participated in the detailed geological study of the environs of Lake Balaton, the geology of the Transylvanian Basin, prospecting for natural gas and geological mapping of hydrocarbon occurrences. After the political upheavals of 1918-1920, it was to his credit that the research in coal deposits was started under newly created unpromising conditions, and the development of the coal deposits began. He wrote a large monograph on the coal deposits of present-time Hungary. In addition, his research in bauxite deposits significantly contributed to the bauxite mining in Hungary. He was a Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1920; ordinary 1943). The Hungarian Geological Society elected him an honorary member in 1942, and President in 1945. It is to his credit that he trained generations of mining engineers. – B: 0883, 1405, T: 7456.→Lóczy, Lajos; Trianon Peace Treaty.
Vitéz Codices – Its name given to a collection of manuscripts from the library of János (John) Vitéz, Bishop of Várad, Archbishop of Esztergom. Several of his codices found their way into the library of King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1458-1490), some of which rival in beauty of the famous Corvinas. – B: 1144, T: 7617.→Vitéz, János; Codex Literature; Corvina; Corvinus Codices.
Vitéz, György (George) (original name: György Németh) (Budapest, 1933 - ) – Physician, writer, translator of literary works. He moved to Canada in 1956, and attended Sir George Williams University and McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, and earned M.A. and Ph.D. Degrees. He served as Chief Psychologist at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Montreal, and as Assistant Professor of Psychology at Concordia University. He was Co-editor of Arkanum, an avant-garde periodical, contributed to several journals, and translated into Hungarian the poetry of William Carlos Williams. He also published four collections of poetry: An American Story (Amerikai Történet) (1977); Missa Agnostica (Agnostic Mass), (1979); Sign Language (Jelbeszéd) (1982), and a volume of collected poems published in Hungary. – B: 0892, T: 4342.
Vitéz, János (John) (Croatian: Ivan Vitez of Sredne) (Zredna, Croatia, ca 1408 - Esztergom, 9 August 1472) – Archbishop, humanist, writer, diplomat, mathematician, astrologist and astronomer. He was born into a Croatian family. His father was the secretary of Regent János (John) Hunyadi (1446-1452). He began his studies at the Chapter of Zagreb, continued his education at the University of Vienna, where he graduated in Law, and became knowledgeable in physics, astronomy and alchemy, and met with humanists. He was placed into the Royal Chancellery as a protonotary, where he rose in rank, and by 1464, became Chancellor, remaining in this office until his death. He was one of the teachers of János (John) Hunyadi's son, Mátyás (Matthias Corvinus), who soon become the King of Hungary. In 1445, János Vitéz became the Bishop of Várad (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania), and turned it into a Humanist Center with Italian humanists, and collected books for a famous library of humanist center. In 1465, he became Archbishop of Esztergom and Primate of Hungary. On 19 May 1465, he founded the Academia Istropolitana (rather: Universitas Istropolitana) from which the University of Pozsony (now, Bratislava, Slovakia) grew out. He was interested in natural sciences and promoted their study. He promoted astronomic research, and founded the observatory in Esztergom. In the Government of King Mátyás I (1458-1490), he fulfilled many positions, including that of Royal diplomat. He served the King in diplomatic missions, e.g. to the Holy Roman Emperor and to the Czech King Podebrad. After 1464, he became active as the highest and secret Chancellor. During the late 1460s, he became estranged from the King and, in 1471 he led the opposition against the King, and initiated a rebellion against him, because of the King’s premature war with Bohemia. For this, the King had him arrested in 1471-1472, he lost his privileges and estates, and was confined to the fortress of Visegrád. He was returned to Esztergom in 1472, but remained in residential confinement. He corresponded with the best of Europe’s scientists. His most outstanding literary work dates back to his era as Bishop of Várad: A Book of Letters (Leveleskönyv) (1451). János Vitéz is regarded as the Father of Hungarian Humanism. His nephew was the great humanist, Janus Pannonius. – B: 1031, 1153, 1257, T: 7103.→Hunyadi, János; Mátyás I, King; Janus Pannonius; Universitas Istropolitana.
Vitéz, Order of (Vitéz: hero or brave) – A Title and an Order that was initiated by Regent Miklós (Nicholas) Horthy in 1920. The title was to be granted to such individuals who rendered outstanding services to the country during World War I, later extended to cover any subsequent wars. Its aim was to reward or honor those who in time of war and revolution distinguished themselves with their bravery and patriotic sentiment. It also had the additional purpose of forming an organization of national defense from individuals and their descendants, unconditionally trustworthy and loyal to their country. Admission to the organization occured by application. The person awarded the title swore an oath and was ceremonially created vitéz, a title to be used like baron, count or knight, preceding the person’s surname (family name), like vitéz Ferenczi; sometimes the title is indicated by the letter “v.”, to be displayed in the registration of birth, and to be passed to the first-born son as well. A vitéz was granted a landed property by the head of state. The persons with the title vitéz formed a separate social order, the so-called Vitéz Order (Vitézi Rend); its highest governing body was the National Vitéz Chair, headed by their Captain-General, who was the Regent during the period 1920 - 1945. The area of the State is divided into regular chairs of vitéz members; at the head of each chair is a chair captain. In Hungary, the organization did not function in its original form from the end of World War II until the end of Communist era. However, it has survived and is practiced in at least four fragmented organizations in Hungarian communities living in the West, as well as in the mother country, where the title is bestowed upon deserving individuals by the highest-ranking officer of a particular community. After the political system changed in Hungary, the Order of Vitéz was reorganized and it has functioned as a registered organization since 3 February 1992. – B: 1068, 7456, T: 7456.→Horthy, Miklós.

Vitkovics Codex – A codex of Franciscan origin, a valuable Hungarian language relic dating from 1525, containing the rules of St. Bonaventure. An anonymous Clarissa nun copied it. It contains prayers and meditations on 54 folios, the products of Franciscan literature. The subsequently discovered Miskolc Fragment at one time formed part of this Codex, fitting perfectly between folia 72 and 73. Mihály (Michaelí) Vitkovics discovered it in Eger in 1803. It is in the National Széchényi Library in Budapest. – B: 1078, 1136, T: 7617.→Vitkovics, Mihály; Codex literature.
Vitkovics, Mihály (Michael) (Eger, 25 August 1778 - Pest 9 September 1829) – Poet, author of fairytales. He began writing poetry during his secondary school years in Eger and Buda. After graduating from Law School, he opened his practice in Pest, and soon became the trusted lawyer of many prominent families. On the influence of Ferenc (Francis) Kazinczy, he became an advocate of the Hungarian language reform movement, and gained lasting credit for his moderate language purification activities. His house became a home for the writers of Pest and the provinces, who were away from home. Gatherings at his house somewhat compensated for the lack of literary journals and reviews. During the last years of his life, he took part in the preparations for the organization of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. – B: 1150, T: 7617.→Vitkovics Codex; Kazinczy, Ferenc; Academy of Sciences, Hungarian.
Vitray, Tamás (Budapest, 5 November 1933 - ) – Journalist. His studies studies were completed at the Academy of Foreign Languages at the University of Budapest, where he read English Literature and Journalism (1952-1956), and at the Academy of Physical Training (1960-1963), Budapest. From 1955 to 1956 he was a translator at the Ministry of Home Defense. In 1957 and 1958 he worked as an English reporter for the Hungarian Radio. From 1958 to 1968 he was an associate of the Hungarian Television, and its Chief Contributor from 1968 to 1975. He was Chair of its Entertainment Department (1975-1980), then Chair of its Drama Department (1980-1988), and from 1988 to 1990 Chair of its Sports Department. From February to April 1990 he was a member of the Presidium of Hungarian Television. From March to May 1991 he was Superintendent of TV2, then again Leader of the Sports Department. In 1997 he became a lifetime member of Hungarian TV. Since 1999 he has been the leader of the Sunrise (Napkelte) program. Vitray is a professor at the Academy of Theater and Film Arts. Since 1991 he has been a member of Presidium of the Hungarian Olympic Committee. He is President of the Advisory Board of the Cancer Foundation (Rák Alapitvány), and that of the Press Foundation (Sajtó Alapitvány). His major works include report books, such as I Report from Iceland (Jégországból jelentkezem) (1963); Mexican Mosaic (Mexikói mozaik) (1969); American Mosaic (Amerikai mozaik) (1972); Professional Sports-fan (Hivatásos sportrajongó) (1981); The Half of the Whole (Az egész fele) (1987); I Just Sit and Ask…(Csak ülök és kérdezek...) (1990), and Vitray (2000). His TV series include I Just Sit and Talk...(Csak ülök és mesélek...(1975-1978); Success (Siker) (1980-1981), and Your Mom and Dad Must Come Here! (Apád, anyád idejöjjön!) (1990-1991). He is a recipient of the Ferenc Rózsa Prize (1971), the Outstanding Artist title (1988), the Opus Prize (1993), the Golden-Deer Prize (1994), the Pulitzer Life-time Prize (1995), the Egon Erwin Kisch Prize (1995), the Sándor Pethő Prize (1999), the Golden Pen Award (2000), the Aladár Gerevich Life-achievement Prize (2001) and the Golden-Age Prize (2001). He is a legendary sports-journalist of the later part of the 20th century. – B: 0874, T: 7103.→Pluhár, István, Szepesi, György.

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