Jv packet •Mars Colonization Affirmative •Mars Colonization Negative

Impact – Warming Not Inevitable

James E Hansen, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, 6/25/2007, “How Can We Avert Dangerous Climate Change?” Delivered to the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, United States House of Representatives, http://arxiv.org/pdf/0706.3720

We have solved or are solving those pollution problems, at least in developed countries. But we did not address them until they hit us with full force. That approach, to wait and see and fix the problems post facto, unfortunately, will not work in the case of global climate change. On the contrary, the inertia of the climate system, the fact that much of the climate change due to gases already in the air is still ‘in the pipeline’, and the time required for economically-sensible phase-out of existing technologies together have a profound implication. They imply that ignoring the climate problem at this time, for even another decade, would serve to lock in future catastrophic climatic change and impacts that will unfold during the remainder of this century and beyond (references A and B). Yet this is not a reason for gloom and doom. On the contrary, there are many bright sides to the conclusion that the ‘dangerous’ level of CO2 is no more than 450 ppm, and likely much less than that. It means that we, humanity, are forced to find a way to limit atmospheric CO2 more stringently than has generally been assumed. In so doing, many consequences of high CO2 that were considered inevitable can be avoided. We will be able to avoid acidification of the ocean with its destruction of coral reefs and other ocean life, retain Arctic ice, limit species extinctions, prevent the U.S. West from become intolerably hot, and avoid other undesirable consequences of large global warming. It is becoming clear that we must make a choice. We can resolve to move rapidly to the next phase of the industrial revolution, and in so doing help restore wonders of the natural world, of creation, while maintaining and expanding benefits of advanced technology. Or we can continue to ignore the problem, creating a different planet, with eventual chaos for much of humanity as well as the other creatures on the planet.

Article: The State of NASA’s Budget

Space Reference: NASA Spending Shift to Benefit Centers Focused on Science & Technology. June 8th, 2011.
Washington DC, June 7, 2011 - Euroconsult, the leading international consulting and analyst firm specializing in the space sector, along with the consulting firm Omnis, today announced the findings of a study today foreseeing a significant shift in NASA spending toward Earth science and R&D programs and away from legacy spaceflight activities.


According to the report "NASA Spending Outlook: Trends to 2016," NASA's budget, which will remain flat at around $18.7 billion for the next five years, will also be characterized by significant shifts from space operations to technology development and science.


With the shift in budget authority, NASA Centers focused on Earth observation, space technology, and aeronautics will see increases in funding, while those involved in human spaceflight will see major funding reductions. Indeed, the termination of the Space Shuttle program will lead to a budget cut over $1 billion for Space Operations, resulting in a 21% budget cut for the Johnson Space Center. Overall, the agency's budget for R&D will account for about 50% of all NASA spending.


"Budget allocation across Centers will vary greatly," said Steve Bochinger, President of Euroconsult North America. "As NASA shifts priorities for human spaceflight from Shuttle operations to Human Exploration Capabilities and commercial spaceflight, the budget will be redirected to a range of technology development programs. Likewise, as NASA shifts its science mission focus away from space science to Earth science, the science budget will be redistributed among centers."


This shift in NASA's priorities will also affect the agency's contract spending. As large legacy programs end, new research and development programs will be initiated. This turnover of programs should provide many new contracting opportunities over the next five years, especially at Research Centers. The Euroconsult/Omnis report details these changes.


"The uniqueness of this report is that it brings together in one picture NASA's budget, spending and contracting, providing insights into opportunities created by the new NASA direction," said Bretton Alexander, Senior Consultant for Omnis.


Some of the findings include: Following an 11% increase in 2011, the Science Mission Directorate budget will remain at the $5 billion level through 2016. This increase, however, is entirely within the Earth science theme, reflecting the Administration's priority on climate change research. Goddard Space Flight Center and Langley Research Center, which manage and Implement Earth science projects, will thus benefit from this increase as will contractors who develop Earth observation spacecraft and instruments.


- Spending in the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate has been impacted by the cancellation of Constellation and repositioning of exploration policy. But it will hold steady at around $3.9 billion between 2011 and 2016, funds will shift away from human exploration activities at the Johnson Space Center in Texas and the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. The Kennedy Space Center in Florida will escape some of the pain of reduced funding with the development of the new Commercial
Crew Development program. However, much of the work will be done by companies spread around the United States, rather than those based at Kennedy, creating an opportunity for new contractors.
- The newly created Space Technology Directorate, is set to receive an average of $1 billion annually between 2012 and 2016. The programs here are designed to revitalize the agency's ability to develop revolutionary technologies and innovations for exploration and robotic spaceflight This substantial budget will benefit Langley, Glenn and Ames Research Centers, which in the past supported research and test programs in aeronautics, science and human spaceflight missions.
- NASA's restructuring of the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) will be focused on long-term investment in fundamental aeronautics and development of technologies required for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Funding for the 2011-2016 period is expected to increase to a total of $570 million per year. With these shifts in funding and priorities, NASA's business practices will also adapt. The Euroconsult/Omnis report analyzes how NASA's shift from cost-plus contracting, currently used in many legacy programs, to fixed-price contracts will impact various programs throughout the agency. The new Commercial Crew Development program undertaken as a public-privatepartnership with the industry typifies the agency's new contract practices.

Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2011
2011 -> Voices of the Old Sea Norman Lewis
2011 -> Malevil Robert Merle
2011 -> The Elephant Keeper’s Children Peter Hoeg
2011 -> Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) omb no. 1024-0018
2011 -> All America Looks Up to Virginia;” Virginia and the Declaration of Independence
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2011 -> The Battle of Frenchtown (1855), Washington Territory: the Political and Demographic Context rev 9/4/11
2011 -> Seti aff •seti neg •Asteroids Aff
2011 -> The harmony society

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