Areas for further studies

Areas for further studies

2. A study which is geared towards identifying teachers’ training needs associated with citizenship education will be crucial and will eventually assist with preparing teachers to teach citizenship education.

3. A tracer study on teachers who are on the field teaching can be conducted to find out how the teachers are performing at the basic schools where citizenship education has been introduced.

4. Further study is needed to explore challenges such as insufficient knowledge about the basic concept of citizenship, the linking of courses to the community, lack of interest in using co-curricular activities and continued use of teacher centred activities.

5. This study has focused on exploring the perception of teacher trainees of social studies and their tutors about citizenship education. Nevertheless there is the need to investigate the perception of teacher trainees in other specializations such as science, mathematics, religious studies, English language, business studies and Ghanaian languages, since some aspects of citizenship can be taught in these subjects.

REFERENCES

Aboagye, J. K. (2002). Historical and philosophical foundations of education in Ghana. Winneba: University of Education, Winneba.

Abowitz, K.K., & Harmish, J. (2006). Contemporary discourses of citizenship. Review of Educational Research, 76, 653 – 690.

Adebile, R.F. (2009). The role of Nigerian teachers and parents: A pre-requisite for efficient and dynamic curriculum development. African Research Review 3(1), 362- 372.

Abdi, A. (2008). Democratic development and prospects for citizenship education: Theoritical perspectives on Sub-Saharan Africa. Interchange, 39(2), 151-166.

Adejumobi, S. (2000). Citizenship, rights, and problems of conflicts and civil wars in Africa. Human Rights Quarterly, 23, 148-170.

Adeyemi, M. (2002). An investigation into the status of the teaching and learning of concept of democracy at the junior secondary school level in Botswana. Pastoral Care, June, 35-40.

Adeyemi, M.B., Boikhutso, K., Moffat, P. (2003). Teaching and learning of citizenship education at the junior secondary level in Botswana. Pastoral Care, June, 35-40.

Advisory Council for Learning and Teaching in Scotland (2002). Education for citizenship in Scotland. Edinburgh: Lts.
Ackerman, P.L., (2000). Domain-specific knowledge as the “dark matter” of adult intelligence: Gr/Gc.personality and interest correlates. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55B, 69-P84.

Ackerman, P.L., & Rolfhus, E.I., (1999). The locus of adult intelligence: Knowledge, abilities, and personality traits.Psychology and Aging, 14, 314-330.

Adeyinka, A. A. (2000). Philosophical foundations of social studies education in Africa. In A.M.B (Ed.), Social studies in African education. Gaborone, Botswana: Pyramid

Publishing.

Afari-Gyan, K. (2002). Introduction to constitutional rule in Ghana. Accra: Sedco Publishing.

African Social and Environmental Studies Programme [ASESP] (1995). Curriculum and teaching resource book for Africa. Nairobi: ASESP.

Aggarwal, J.C. (2001). Teaching of social studies. A practical approach. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, PVT Ltd.

Agu, A. (2000). Teaching in ways that promote children’s human rights: Teaching the Ghanaian Child. Winneba: Afolabi.

Agyemang, D.K. (I996). Continuity and change in Africa: The paradox of development. Accra: Ghana University Press.

Agyemang-Fokuo, A. (1994). Social studies teaching: Issues and problems. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.

Ahmad, A. (2004). The making of good citizen in Malaysia: Does history education play a role? The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Ahmad, I. (2006). Teaching government in social studies: Political scientists’ contributions to citizenship education. The Social Studies 97(1), 8-15.

Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58.

Akar, B. (2007). Citizenship education in Lebanon: An introduction into students’concepts and learning experiences, Educate~, 7(2), 2-18.

Ake, C. (1998). The unique case of African democracy. International Affairs, 69(2)239-244.

Akyeampong, K. (2003). From student teachers to newly qualified teachers in Ghana: Insights to becoming a teacher. International Journal of Educational Development, 22(3) 339-352.

Akyeampong, K. (2009). Key issues in teacher education: A sourcebook for teacher educators. Malaysia: Macmillan.

Allen, R, F. (2000). Civic education and the decision making process. Social Studies, 9 (1)5-8.

Almond, G.A., & Verba, S. (1989). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Ashby, G & O’Brien, J.B. (2005). Category learning and multiple systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2) 83-89.

Althof, W., & W., & Berkowitz, M. W. (2006). Moral education and character education: Their relationship and roles in citizenship education.Journal of Moral Education, 35(4), 495-518.

AlMaamari, S. (2006a). New trends in provision of citizenship education (In

Arabic). The Journal of Social Studies, Vol. 6, Ein Shams

University, Egypt, 98-125.

AlMaamari, S. (2007). The main approaches to understand citizenship: Where is Omani citizenship can be placed? (In Arabic), Paper presented at the Conference on‘Citizenship Education in the Thought of Sultan Qaboos’, 3rd of March, Oman.

Anamuah-Mensah, J. (2008).The role of the teacher education in the new educational reform.A paper presented at the maiden nationalchristian teacher’s conference, July 5, Legon, Accra.

Anderson, Avery, P., Pederson, P., Smith, E., & Sullivan, J. (1997). Divergent perspectives on citizenship education: A q-studyand surveyof social studies teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 34 (2). 333-364.

Antwi, M.(1992). Education, society and development in Ghana.Accra, Unimax Publishers Limited.

Appiah, K.A., (2009). Year book of the national society for study of education .Chapter6: Education for global citizenship. 107(1), 83-99.Published online: July, 8, 2008.

Apple, M. W. (2000).Official knowledge: Democratic education in a conservative age. London: Routledge Press.

Apple, M.W. & Beane, J.A. (1999). Democratic schools: Lessons from the chalk face. London: Buckingham, Open University Press.

Arai, B.A. (1999). Home schooling and redefinitions of Citizenship (Electronic Version). Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 7 Retrieved November, 2006 from http://epaa.asu.edu.

Arnot, M. (2003). Citizenship, briefing paper for UNESCO gender equality: EFA Global Monitoring Report. Paris: UNESCO

Arnot, M., Casely-Hayford, L., Wainaina, P.K., Chege, F., Dovie, D.A. (2010). Youth citizenship, national unity and poverty alleviation: East and West African approachesto the education of a new generation. Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes & Poverty 26, 1-56

Arnot, M., Araujo, H., Deliyanni-Kouimtzis, K., Ivinson, G., & Tome, A. (2000). Challenging democracy: International perspectives on gender, education and citizenship. London: Routledge Falmer.

Arnot, M. & Dillabough, J. ( 2000). Introduction. In: M. Arnot and J. Dillabough, eds. Challengingdemocracy. International perspectives on gender, education and citizenship. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 1–18.

Arthur, J. (2003).Editorial: Professional value commitments.British Journal of Educational Studies, 51(4), 317-319.

Ashby, F.G., O’Brien, J.B. (2005).Category learning and multiply memory systems.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,9(2),38-89.

Aviv, C. (2010). A theoretical model of four conceptions of civic education. Canadian Social Studies 44(1) 17-28

Barber, T. (2007). Young people and civic participation: A conceptual review. Youth & Policy, 96(summer), 19-36.

Baker, D.P., & LeTendre, G.K.( 2005). National differences, global similarities.World culture and the future of schooling.Standford, CA: Standford University Press.

Banks, J.A. (2008). Diversity, group identity, and citizenship education in a global age. Educational Research, 37(3), 129-139.

Banks, J.A. (2004a). Democratic citizenship education in multicultural society. New York: Teachers College Press.

Banks, J.A. (1997).Educating citizens in a multicultural society.New York: Teachers College Press.

Barbaret, J. M. (1988) Citizenship: Rights, Struggles, and class inequality. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Barber, B. (1984). Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley: University of Califonia Press.

Barr, R. D., Barth, J. L., & Shermis, S. S. (1977). Defining Social Studies.

Benin City: Ethiopia Publishing Corporation.

Barton, K.C., & Levstik, L.S. (2004). Teaching history for the common good. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Baysal, Z., N. (2009). An application of the decision-making modelfor democracy education: A sample of a third grade social sciences lesson.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice 9(1) 75-84.

Becker, C.S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical to education. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Beyer, B. (2008). How to teach thinking skills in social studies and history. The Social Studies, 99(5), 196–201.

Biesta, G.J.J. (2006). Beyong learning. Democratic education for a human future. Boulder, Co.: Paradigm Publishers.

Biesta, G., & Lawy, R. (2006). From teaching citizenship to learning democracy: Overcomingindividualism in research, policy and practice. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(1), 63-79.

Bishop, G. (1985). Curriculum development: A textbook for students. London: Macmillan Education Ltd.

Bishop, J. (1999). Czech democracy and civic education, Paper presented at the

Conference on Qualitative Research in Education, Athens, January 8-10.

Blege, W. (2001). Social studies theory and practice. Accra: Wallyblege Publications.

Bloom, B.S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, Handbook 1: The cognitive Domain. New York: David Mckay Co Inc.

Blum, R.(2005).School connectedness: Improving the lives of students. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Blumer, M. (1984). The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutional, Diversity and the rise of sociological research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Boateng, C., & Darko, E. (2005, June 16). “War on ethnicity crucial.”The Daily Graphic, pp. 1, 3.

Bond, H. (2001). Teaching for freedom: A case in Ghana, (unpublished dissertation PhD.), Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Borg, W., Gall, J., & Gall, M. (1993). Applying educational research: a practical

Borg, W., & Gall, M. (1989). Educational research: an introduction, New York:

Longman.

Boyte, H.C. (2004).Everyday politics: Reconnecting citizens to public life .Philadelphia: University of Pennsyvania Press.

Brookes, R.M. & Holford, J.A.K. (2009). Citizenship, learning and education: Themes and issues. Citizenship Studies, 13(2), 85-103.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1988). Interacting systems in human development. In C. Bolger, C. Caspi, G. Downey & M. Moorehouse (Eds.), Persons in context: Developmental Processes (pp. 25-49). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Brophy, J. (1990). Educational psychology: A realistic approach. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

Brophy, J., & Alleman, J. (1991). Social studies instruction should be driven by

Buah, F.K. (2005).Government of West Africa. Readwide Publishers and Fabs.

Burrell, G., & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis. London: Heinemann.

Busia, K.A. (1967). Africa in search of democracy. London: Routledge and

Kegan Paul.

Cains, A.C. (2008). Making citizenship public: Identities, practices and rights at Woodsquat. Citizenship Studies, 12(2)143-156

Caldwell, J.C. (1967). Population: General characteristics. In A Study of Contemporary Ghana, Vol.2: Some Aspects of Social Structure. Eds.W. Birmingham, I. Neustadt, and E.N. Omaboe. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Pp 17-77

Callahan, J. F., & Kellough, R. D. (1992). Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Carr, W. (1991). Education for citizenship. British Journal of Educational Studies, 39(4), 373-385.

Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical. Lewes: Falmer Press.

Ceuppens, B., & Geschiere, D. (2005). Autochthony: Local or global? New modes in struggle over citizenship and belonging in Africa and Europe [Electronic Version]. The Annual Review of Anthropology from anthro.annualreview.org.

Center for Civic Education (CCE). (1995).The role of civic education: A report of the taskforce on civic education.Washington,DC.

Chaffee, S., Maduchonicz, R., & Galpenin, H. (1998). Education for democracy in Argentina: effects of a newspaper-in-school programme. In O. Ichilov (Eds) Citizenship and citizenship education in a changing world (pp.11-27). Great Britain: Wobum Press.

Chikeka, C.O. (2004). European hegemony and African resistantce, 1880-1990. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.

Chilambo, M. N. (1988). Primary social studies in Malawi: An Exploration of factors related to student achievement. Unpublished Masters, University of Manitoba, Manitoba.

Cleaver, E., Ireland, E., Kerr, D., & Lopes, J. (2005). Citizenship education in longittdinal study: Second cross-sectional survey 2004. Listening to young people: Citizenship education in Engand, DfES Research Report 626, London: DfES.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behaviour sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbrum Associates.

Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1994). Research methods in education, London: Routledge Falmer.

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2004). Research methods in education (5th ed.),London: Routledge Falmer.

Collado, M., & Afxurra, R. (2006). Democratic Citizenship in textbooks in Spanish primary curriculum. Curriculum studies, 38(2), 205-228.

Conover,P. J., & Searing, D.D.(2000). A political socialization perspectives. In L.McDonnell.P.M. Tampane,& Benjamin(Eds),Rediscovering the democratic process of education(pp91-126). Lawrence: University Press of Kanas.

Correira, S. T. (1997). Past, present and future: Challenges to the social studies. Paper presentedat the Annual Meeting of the National Council for the Social Studies, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Crick, B. (1998). Education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools. London: Qualification and Curriculum Authority.

Cunningham, J. (2000). Democratic leadership in secondary schools, in: A. Osler (Ed.) Citizenship and democracy in schools: diversity, identity, equality (Stock-on-Trent, Trentam), 133-142.

Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Constructing the 21^st century teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 34(4), 27-31.

Davies, I., Gregory, I. & Riley, S. (1999). Good citizenship and education provision. London: Flamer Press.

Dash, N. (2005). Online research methods resource for teachers and trainers:

http://www.celt.mmu.ac.uk/researchmethods/Modules/Selection_of_methodology/ index.php.

Dean, B. (2005). Citizenship education in Pakistani Schools: Problems and possibilities, International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), 35-55.

Department of Curriculum Development and Evaluation. (1990). Botswana social

Denzin, N. K. (1987). The research act. New York: McGraw-Hill

Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. London: Academic Press.

Dieker, L.A., (2003).Voices from the field the field: Teachers from the field and linguistically diverse backgrounds entering the profession through alternative certification.Teacher Education and Special Education, 26(4), 328-40.

Dilworth, D.D. (2004). Multicultural citizenship education: case studies from social studies classrooms. Theory and Research in social education. 32(2), 153-186

Dinkelman, T. (1999). Conceptions of democratic citizenship in pre-service social studies teacher education: a case study, Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, April19-23, ED 444970.

Dinkelman, T & Hoge, J. (2004 November). Civics teacher education: The troubed intersection of content knowledge and pedagogy. Paper presented to the College and University Faculty Assembly at the annual meeting of the National Council for the Social Studies, Bathmore, MD.

Ditchfield, C. (2002). Implications of the different age-related experiences of student teachers while on school placement. Research in Education 69, 70-79

Doppen,F.H, Misco, T.,& Patterson, N.(2008).The state of K-12 social studies instruction in Ohio.Social Studies Research and Practice ,3(3).Retrieved from http://socrstrp.org/issues/showissue.cfm?VollD=3&IssueID=9

Doppen, F. H, Feinberg, J.R., O’Mahony, C., Lucas, A.G., Bohan, C.H., Lipscomb, G., Ogawa, M. (2011). Social studies preservice teachers’citizenship knowlegdeand perceptions of the U.S.naturalization test.Action in Teacher Education, 33:81-2011.

Dunkin, M., & Welch, A. (1996). Four case studies of teacher knowledge in civics and citizenship education. Paper presented at the Annual conference of the Teacher Educational Association Incorporated, Launceston, Tasmania.

Dynneson, T. L., & Gross, R.E, (1998). Designing effective instruction for secondary social studies.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merril, Printice Hall.

Engle, S., & Ochoa, A.S. (1998). Education for democratic citizenship: Decision-making in the social studies. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Englund, T. (2002). Higher education, democracy and citizenship: The democratic potential of the university? Studies in Philosophy and Education, 21(4-5), 281-287.

EURYDICE (2005). Citizenship education at school in Europe, available online in http://www.eurydice.org.

EURYDICE (2004). Integrating immigrant children in schools in Europe. Brussels: EURYDICE.

Evans, R.W. (2006). Educating for citizenship: What teachers say and what teachers do.Canadian journal of education, 29 (2),410-435.

Evans, R.W. (2004). Social studies wars what should we teach the children? New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Fairbrother, G. (2004). Patriotic education in a Chinese middle school. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group.

Fakir, E. (2003). Political political participation in South Africa. Paper presented to the 5^th Coonference of the International NetWork-Education for Democracy , Human Rights and Tolerance, Foreign Ministry, Berlin May 14-15.

Farmer, C. & Trikha, S.(2005). 2003 Home office citizenship survey: top-level findings from the children’s and young people’s survey (London, Home and DfES).

Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I., & Hinkle, R. (1980). Predicting and understanding voting in American elections: Effects of external variables. In I. Ajzen & M. Fishbein (Eds.), Understanding and predicting behavior (pp. 174-195). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Fraenkel, J., & Wallen, N. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6thEd.). The United State: McGraw-Hill.

Freier, P, (2001).Pedagogy of the oppressed.New York: Continuum.

Gaise, S.K. (1996).Demographic transition: The predicament of Sub-Saharan Africa. Health Transition Review, 6, 345-369.

Gans, J. (2005). Citizenship in the context of globalization, Immigration policy working paper. On: http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/programs/immigration/publication/citizenship%20and%20globalization.pdf

Geiger, M.A., & Ogilby, S. M. (2000). The first course in accounting: Students’ perceptions and their effect on the decision to accounting. Journal of Accounting Education, 18(2), 63-78.

Ghana Education Service [GES] (1987). The social studies syllabus for JSS. Accra: Curriculum Research and Development Division.

Ghana Education Service (1993). The social studies syllabus for the teacher training colleges. Accra: Curriculum Research and Development Division.

Ghana News Agency [GNA] (2008, November 16). Students set car ablaze. Daily Graphic, p. 1.

Gifford, C. (2004). National and post-national dimensions of citizenship education in the UK. Citizenship Studies, 8(2), 145-158.

Giroux, H.A., & McLaren, P. (1999). Teacher education and politics of engagement: The case of democratic schooling. In P. Leistyna, A. Woodrum and S.A. Sherblom (Ed), Breaking free: The transformative power of critical pedagogy. Cambridge: Harvard Education Review.

Glesne, C., & Peshkin, A. (1992). Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. White Plains, NY: Longman.

Government of Ghana [GoG](2002). Meeting the challenges of education in the twenty first century report of the president’s committeeon review of educationreforms in Ghana, Ministry of Education, Adwinasa Publications (GH) Ltd. Accra, Ghana.

Government of Ghana ( 2003a). Constitution of the Republic of Ghana, Abridged version.Accra: National Commission for Civic Education.

Government of Ghana ( 2003b). Constitution of the Republic of Ghana.Accra:Assemblies Press

Graue, M. E., & Walsh, D.J.(1998). Studying children in context: Theories, methods and ethics. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.

Griffith, A.D., & Barth, J.L. (2006). Social Studies curriculum and methods for the Caribbean. Kingston: University of West Indies.

Groth, J. L.(2006). Adolescents’ perceptions of citizenship and democracy in Ghana. Unpublished PhD dissertation presented to the collge of education.University of Kentucky.

Gudmundsdottir, S. (1990). Values in pedagogical content knowledge. Journal of teacher Education, 41(3), 44-45.

Gyekye, K. (2008). Fundamentals of social studies. Accra: Sankofa Publishing Company.

Hahn, C.L. (1998). Becoming political: Comparative perspectives on citizenship education. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Hahn, C,L.(2001). Civic knowledge, attitudes and experiences of nineth graders in the United States. Results of the IEA civic education study.Eric Digest. Retrieved from http://www.ericdigest.org/2002.2/civic.htm

Halpern, D., John, P. & Morris, Z. (2002). Before the citizenship order: a survey of citizenship education practice in England. Journal of Education Policy, 17(2)217-228.

Harber, C. (2002). Education, democracy and poverty education in Africa, Comparative Education, 38 (3), 267-276.

Harbison, F.H. (1973). Human resource as a wealth of nations. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hart, D., Donnelly, T.M. Youniss, J. & Atkins, R.(2007) High school community service as a predictor of adult voting and volunteering. American Educational Research Journal, 44(1) 197-219.

Harvard Law Review (1997). The functionality of citizenship [Electronic Version] Harvard Law Review, 110, 181-183.

Hatcher, J.A. (2011). Assessing civic knowledge and engagement. New Directions for for Institutional Research, 149:81-92

Hayward, F.M. (1987). Introduction in F.M. Hayward (Ed), Elections in independent Africa, Boulder: WestView Press.

Heater, G. (2004). A brief history of citizenship: New York: University Press.

Hertzberg, H. W. (1981). SPAN: Social studies priorities, practices, and needs. New York City.

Hess, D. (2004). Discussion in social studies: Is it worth the trouble? Social studies Education, 68(2),151-155.

Hitchcock, G., & Hughes, D. (1989) Research and the teacher: A qualitative

Homana, G., Barber, C. & Torney-Purta, J. (2005). School citizenship education climate assessment.Denver, CO: National Center for Learning and Citizenship, Education Commission of the States.

Hudson, A. (2005) Citizenship education and students' identities: a school-based action research project, in: A.Osler(Ed) Teachers, Human rights and diversity: educating citizens in multicultural societies (Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham), 115-132.

Ichilov, O. (2003). Teaching civics in divided societies, the case of Israel, International Studies in Sociology of Education,13(3), 219-243.

Igwe, R. (2000). Fundamentals of curriculum and instruction, Lagos: Sunshine Publishers (Nig) Ltd.

Isin, E.F., & Turner, B.S. (2002) Citizenship Studies: An introduction. In E.F. Isin and B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of Citizenship Education. London: SAGE Publications.

Jegede, P. O., Dibu-Ojerinde, O. O.,& Ilori, M. O. (2007). Relationship between ICT competence and attitude among some Nigerian tertiary institution lecturers. Educational Research and Review, 2 (7), 172-175.

Jennifer, M. G., George, R. J. (2004). Understanding and managing organizational behavior, Cornell University: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2004). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches (2^nd ed.), Boston: Mass and London: Allen and Bacon.

Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches (3^rd ed.), New Delhi: Sage Publication, Inc.

Jones, E., & Gaventa, J. (2002). Concepts of citizenship: A review. Brighton, England: Instituteof Development Studies.

Kabow, P., & Kinney, M. (2000). Fostering Democracy in middle school classroom: insights from a democratic institute in Hungary, The social studies, 165-172.

Kalm, K.A. (2003). Globalization and democratization in Africa: Problems and prospects. In J.M. Mbaku and Thanvbere (Ed), The Transition to democratic governance in Africa (pp.45-61). London: Praeger.

Kankam, B. (2004). Tutors perception on the social studies subject in teacher training colleges in Ghana. Journal of Education and Teaching, 1 (3)73-83.

Kankam, B. & Kendie, S.B. (2005). Ghanaian teacher trainees’ perception of the official social studies curriculum and the resources available for its implementation. GEMTAJ 6, 43-53.

Kankam, B. & Kwenin, I. A. (2009). Achieving citizenship education in schools: Re-focusing social studies education in Ghana. Ontario Journal of Africa Educational Research. 1-18.

Kapur, A. C. (1997). Principles of political science. New Delhi: S. Chand and

Company Ltd.

Kaspin, D. (1997). Tribes, regions and nationalism in democratic Malawi. In I. Shapiro and W. Kymlicka (Eds), Ethnicity and group rights. New York: University Press.

Kelly, T. (1986).Discussing controversial issues: Four perspectives on the teacher’s role.In Theory and Research in Social Education,14 (2)113-138.

Kennedy, K. (1997). Citizenship education and the modern state. London: The Falmer Press.

Kennedy, K. J., Hahn, C. L., & Lee, W. O. (2008). Constructing citizenship: Comparing the views of students in Australia, Hong Kong, and the United States. Comparative Education Review, 52(1), 53-91.

Kennedy, K. J., & Fairbrother, G. P. (2004). Asian perspectives on citizenship education in review: Postcolonial constructions or precolonial values? In W. O. Lee, D. L. Grossman, K. J. Kennedy & G. P. Fairbrother (Eds.), Citizenship education in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts and Issues (pp. 289-302). Hong Kong: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Kerr, D. (1999). Citizenship education: An international comparison, online:

Kerr, D. (1999b). Changing the political culture; the advisory group on educationcitizenship and the teaching of democracy and schools. Oxford Review of Educational, 25(1) 25-35.

Kerr, D. (2002). Citizenship education: An International comparison across sixteen countries. The International Journal of Social Education: Citizenship Education, 17(1), 1-15.

Kerr, D., & Cleaver, E. (2004). Citizenship education longitudinal study: literature review-citizenship education one year on- what does it mean: emergingdefinitions and approaches in the first year of national curriculum citizenship in England, The Department for Educational Research, Research Report RR532.

Kjellin, M. S., & Stier, J. (2008). Citizenship in the classroom: Transferring and transforming transcultural values. Intercultural Education, 19(1), 41-51.

Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size For research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. Sage Publications Inc.

Kubow, P., & Kinney, M. (November/December 2000). Fostering Democracy in middle school classrooms: Insights from a democratic institute in Hungary, The Social Studies, 165-172.

Kumah, F. J. (2005). Promoting peace and stability through active citizenship: The case of Ghana, world congress on civic education, Jordan, June, www.civnet.org.pdfs/ActiveCitizenshipUS.pdf (accessed 30.3.07).

Kvale, S. (2008). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Kwenin, I. (2010). Secondary schools teachers’ perception on citizenship education. Unpublished Masters Thesis. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast.

Kymlicka, W., & Norman, N. (2000). Citizenship in culturally diverse societies: Issues, contexts, concepts. In W. Kymlicka and N. Norman (Eds) Citizenship in diverse societies. Athens: Oxford University Press.

Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lawton, D., Cairns, J., & Gardner, R. (2000). Education for citizenship. London: Continuum.

Leang, Y., & Print, M. (2002). Nationalistic education as the focus for civics and citizenship education: the case of Hong Kong, Asia Pacific Education Review, 3(2), 197-209.

Lebovics, H. (2004). Bringing the empire back home. Durham: Duke University

Press.

Lee, W. (2002). The emergence of new citizenship: looking into the self and beyond the nation, In G. Steiner-Khamsi, J. Torney-Purta, and J. Schuille (Eds). New paradigms and recurring paradoxes in education for citizenship. An international comparison, international perspectives on education and society, volume 5, Amsterdam and London: JAI.

Lee, W. (2004). Perception of citizenship qualities among Asian educational leaders. In W. Lee, D. Grrossman, K. Kennedy, G. Fairbrother (Eds). Citizenship education in Asia and the Pacific concepts and issues, CERC studies in comparative education 14, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group.

Leeman, Y., & Pels, P. (2006). Citizenship education in the Dutch multiethnic context, European Education, 38 (2), 64-75.

Leenders, H., Veugelers, W., & De Kat, E. (2007). Teachers’ views on citizenship education in secondary eduction in the Netherlands. Cambridge Journal of Education, 38(2) 155-170.

Leighton, R. (2004). The nature of citizenship education provision: An initial study, TheCurriculum Journal, 15 (2). 167-181.

Leistyna, P., &Woodrum, A. (1996) Context and culture: What is critical pedagogy? In P. Leistyna, A. Woodrum and S.A. Sherblom (Ed), Breaking free: The transformative power of critical pedagogy (pp.1-7). Cambridge: Harvard Education Review.

Leung, Y., & Print, M. (2002). Nationalistic education as the focus for civics and

citizenship education: the case of Hong Kong, Asia Pacific Education Review, 3(2), 197-209.

Levstik, L.S., & Groth, J.L. (2005).Ruled by our own people: Ghanaian adolescents’ conceptions of citizenship.Teachers College Record, 107,563-586.

Lister, R. (1997). Citizenship: towards a feminist synthesis, Feminist Review, No 57, pp.28-48.

Loughran, J. (2007).Resarching teacher education practices: Responding to the challenges, demands and expectation of self-study. Journal of Teacher Education, 58(1), 12-20.

Luykx, A. (1999). The citizen factory: schooling and cultural production in Bolivia. New York: State University of New York Press.

Lybarger, M. (1983). Origins of modern social studies: 1900-1916. History of

Marshall, T. H. (1998). Citizenship and social class. In G. Shafir (Ed.), The citizenship debates.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

Martin, L. A., (2005).Use of cognitive strategies by high school social studies students.Action in Teacher Education, 26 (4), 63-73.

Martin, L. A., (2008).Elementary and secondary teacher education studeents’ perspectives on citizenship education. Action in Teacher Education, 30 (3), 56-63.

Martin, L. A., (2010). A comparative analysis of teacher education students’ views about citizenship education. Action Teacher Education 32(2)56-69.

Martin, L. A., & Chiodo, J.J. (2007).Good citizenship: What students in rural schools haveto say about it? Theory and Research in Social Education, 35(1), 112-127.

Martorella, P. (1985). Elementary social studies: developing reflective competent and concerned citizens. Boston, Mass: Little Brown and Company.

Mason, C., Berson, M., Diem, R., Hicks, D., Lee, J., Dralle, T. (2000). Guidelines for using technology to prepare social studies teachers.Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education [online serial],1(1).Available:http://www.citejournal.org/vo11/iss1/currentissues/socialstudies/article1.htm

Mathews, S.A., & Dilworth, P.P. (2008). Case studies of preservice teachers’ ideas about the role of multicultural citizenship education in social studies.Theory and Research in Social Social Education, 36(4), 356-390.

Mbaku, J.M., Agbese, P.O. & Kimenyi (Eds) General introduction. In J.M. Mbaku, P.O. Agbese and M.S. Kimenyi (Eds) Ethnicity and governance in the Third world. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd

McWilliams, H.O.A., & Kwamena-Poh, M.A. (1978). The development of education in Ghana. London: Longman Group Ltd.

McLaughlin, T. (2004). Teaching controvertial issues in citizenship education, in: A. Lockyer, B. Click & J. Annette (Eds) Education for democratic citizenship: Issues of theory and practice (Aldershot, Ashgate), 149-160.

Meinhardt, H. (1999). Malawi. In D. Nohlen, M. Krennerich & B. Thibaut (Eds.), Elections in Africa: A data handbook. New York: Oxford University.

Mensah-Denkyi, I. (1976). Citizenship Education for Schools. Accra: Afram Publications (Ghana) Limited

Melo-Escrihuela, C. (2008). Promoting ecological citizenship: rights, duties and political agency, ACME Editorial Collective, 113-134, online in http://www.acme-journal.org/vol7/im-e.pdf

Mertler, C., & Charles, C. (2005). Introduction to educational research (5th Ed.),

Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Mellor, S. (2003). “What can history contribute to the development of citizenship curriculum?” In Unicorn. Vol.22:1 March.

Merelmam, R. (1972). The adolescence of political socialization. Sociology of Education, 45, 134-166

Merriam, S.B. (1998). Case study research in education. A qualitative approach. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.

Mertler, C., & Charles, C. (2005). Introduction to educational research (5^th ed), Boston: Allen and Bacon.

Merryfield, M.M. (2002). Rethinking our framework for understanding the world. In Theory & Research in Social Education( Winter).

Merryfield, M. M. & Tlou, J.( 1995).The process of Africanising the social studies. Social Studies, 86(6), 1-19.

Merryfield, M. M. & Wilson, A. (2005). Social studies in the world: Teaching global perspectives.Silver Spring, MD:NCSS.

Mhango, N.A. (2008). An exploration of how primary school teachers in Malawi plan and implement social studies lessons for the preparation of active citizens in a democratic society. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation: Virgenia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Michael, B., Adeyemi, K., & Boikhutso, M. (2003). Teaching and learning of citizenship education at the Junior Secondary level in Botswana, Pastoral Care, 35-40.

Miller, D. (2000). Citizenship and national identity. Oxford: Polity Press.

Milligan, E., & Ragland, R.G. (2011). Educate, equip, empower: A framework for preparing preservice teachers in civic education. Action in Teacher Educators 33:94-107

Miller, D. (1995) Citizenship and pluralism. Political studies, 43, 432-450.

Ministry of Education, Science and Sports [MOESS/GES] (2007). Upper

Ministry of Manpower Youth and Employment, Ghana (2006). Working to fill

Mohany, P. (1998). Democracy and school leadership in England and Denmark.British Journal of Educational studies, 46(3) 302-317

Mohanty, R. & Tandon, R. (2005) Engaging with the State: Implications for

Citizenship and Participation, Citizenship DRC Synthesis Paper, November

Montgomery, K. (2005b) ‘A Better Place to Live’: National Mythologies,

Morris, Z., John, P. & Halpern, D. (2003). Compulsory citizenship for the disfranchised: bench-marking students, schools, and social and political attitudes before the citizenship order, Curriculum Journal, 14(2), 181-199.

Mukhongo, A. N. (2010). Citizenship education in Kenya: A content analysis of state sponsored social studies instructional materials. Unpublisshed Ph.D Theses. Clemson University.

Mullins, S.L. (1990). Social studies for the 21^st century: Recommendations of the National Commission on social studies in the schools .Bloomington: Clearing house for social studies/Social science education.

Murry, K. C. (1997). Preconceptions held by preservice secondary social studies teachers aboutinstructional activities. Paper presented at the Eastern educational research association, Hilton Head.

National Council for the Social Studies [NCSS] (1989). Social Studies for early childhood an elementary school children: Preparing for the 21^st century. Washington, DC: Task Force.

National Council for the Social Studies. (1994). Expectations of excellence: Curriculum standards for socialstudies. Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies

National Council for the Social Studies (2006). NCSS mission statement [Available: http://www.socialstudies.org/about/.]

NCCE. (2004).Guidelines for the formation and functioning of civic education clubs. Accra: Author.

NCSS(2001).Creating effective citizens. NCSS taskforce on revitalizing citizenship education .Retrieved March 25, 2009 http://www.socialstudies .org/positions/effectvecitizens.

Nelson, J. & Kerr, D. (2005). International review of Curriculum and Assessment frameworks. Active Citizenship: definitions, goals and practices, Background paper: National foundation for Education Research and Qualification and Curriculum Authority. Retrieved June 2009, from http://www.inca.org.uk/pdf/Activecitizenshipbackgroundpaper.pdf

Newman, J. H. (1996). The idea of a university. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

Niemi, R. G. & Finkel, S. E. (2006). Civic education and the development of civic knowledge and attitudes. London: Routledge.

Niemi, R., & Junn, J. (1998). Civic education: What makes students learn.New Haven: Yale University Press.

Niemi, R., & Sobieszek, B. (1977). Political socialization. Annual Review of Sociology, 3, 2009-233.

Nohlen, D. Krennerich, M., & Thibaut, B. (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook. New York: Oxford University Press.

Nyanjoh, N.F. (2004). Reconciling ‘’the rhetoric of rights” with competing notions of personhoodand Agency in Botswana. In H.England &Nyamjo (Eds).Rights and the politics of recognition in Africa (pp.1-66).New York: Zed books.

O’Shea, K. (2003). Education for democratic citizenship. Policies and regulatory frameworks, Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.

O’Toole, T. (2001). Historical context. In A. A. Gordon & D. L. Gordon (Eds.), Understanding contemporary Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Ochoa-Becker, A. (2007). Democratic education for social studies: An issue centered education making curriculum.Greenwich, CT: Information Age

Ogunyemi, B. (2011). A clash of past and present: Citizenship educationin Nigeria’s junior secondary school curriculum.European Journal of Social Sciences 18(3)378-385.

Olorunsola, V. A. (1972). Introduction. In V. A. Olorunsola (Ed.), The politics of cultural subnationalismin Africa. New York: Doubleday & Company.

Omatseye, J.N. & Omatseye, B.O.(2008). Going to school in Sub-Saharan Africa .Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Onwuegbuzie, A.J., & Johnson, R.B. (2006). The validity issue in mixed research. Research in the School, 13(1), 48-63

Opie, B. (2004).Tertiary education and reearsch in New Zealand. Minnerva: A Review of Science , Learning & Policy, 42. 299-307.

Oppenheim, A. N. (2000). Questionnaire design and attitude measurement. London: getCITED Inc.

Osaghae, E. E. (2003). Ethnicity and democratization in Africa. In J. M. Mbaku &

Ihonvbere (Eds.), The Transition to democratic governance in Africa. London: Praeger.

Osborne, K. (1988). In defense of History teachers; teaching the past and the meaning of democratic citizenship. Toronto, CAN: Our schools, Ourselves Foundation.

Osler, A. (2005). Changing citizenship.Columbus: Open Universty Press.

Osler, A., Starkey, H. (2003). Learning for cosmopolitan citizenship: theoretical debates and young people’s experiences, Educational Review,55(3),243-254.

Osler, A., & Starkey, H. (2005). Education for democratic citizenship: a review of

Osler, A., Starkey, H. (2004) Citizenship education and cultural diversity in France and England. In J. Demaine (Ed) Citizenship and political education today. Housemills: Palgrave Macmillan.

Report prepared for the Inter-American Development Bank Education . of NetworkTheRegional PolicyDialogue, Submitted to

International Bureau of Education UNESCO, 3 December,Online . . . in:http://www.education.leeds.ac.uk/research/cchre/study_on_the_

advances.pdf.

Ottosson, H, & Klyver, K.(2010). The effect of human capital on social capital among entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising culture , 18(4) 339-417.

Oulton, C., Day, V., Dillon, J & Grace, M. (2004) Controversial issues-teacters’attitudes and practices in the context of citizenship education. Oxford Review of Education, 30(4)490-507.

Painta, R. C.,Hamre, B. & Stuhlman, M.(2003). Relationhips between teachers and children .Habdbook of Psychology. Published Online: 15APR 2003

Painter, J. (2008). European citizenship and the regions, European Urban and Regional Studies, 15 (5), 5-19, on line in

Painter, J. (2000). Citizenship, diversity and critical geography, Paper presented to the Second International Conference of Critical Geography, Taegu, South Korea, 9-13 August.

Parker, W. C. (2004). Diversity and citizenship. In J.A. Banks (Ed), Diversity and citizenship education, pp.433-4553. San Francisco: Jossey- Bay.
Parker, W.C. (2008). Knowing and doing in democratic citizenship education.In

L.S.Levstick and C.A. Tyson (Eds). Handbbook of research in social s

Parker, W. C. & Jarolimek, K. (1997). Social studies in elementar education. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.

Patrick, J.J. (1999). Concepts at all the core of democratic citizenship. In C.F.Bahmuueller & J.J Patrick (Eds.), Principles and practices of education for democratic citizenship, Bloomington, IN: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies /Social Science Education.

Peter, M .A , Blitton, A. Blee, H. (2008) Global citizenship education: Philosopy, theory and pedagogy .The Netherlands.Sense publishers.

Peterson, P. E., (2009). What happens when states have genuine alternative certification? Education Next, 9(1), 70-4.

Peterson, A., & Knowles, C.( 2009). Active citizenship:a preliminary study into teachers’ understandings. Educational Research, 51(1), 39-59.

Philips, M. (2002, January 14). Education: the real betrayal. Daily Mail. Available online at:www.melanniephillips.com/articles/archives/00077.html(accessed 18 September 2005).

Pinet, R.,(2006). The contestation of citizenship education at the three stages of LINC 4&5 curriculum guidelines: Production, receptionand implementation. TESL Canada Journal, 24(1), 1-20.

Pocock, J.G.A. (1995). The ideal of Citizenship since classical times. In R. Beiner (Ed) Theorizing citizenship. Albany State University of New York Press.

Preece, J. & Mosweunyane, D. (2004). Perceptions of citizenship responsibility amongst Bostwana youth.Gaborone: Lightbooks.

Print, M., & Gray, M. (2002). Civics and citizenship education: An Australian perspective, Discovering Democracy Discussion Paper #4. New South Wales Department of Education and Training Discovering Democracy Professional Development Committee. Retrieved April 11, 2006, from http://www.abc.net.au/civics/democracy/ccanded.htm.

Print, M., Ornstrom, S., & Nielsen, H.(2002). Education for democratic processes in schools and classrooms, European Journal of Education, 37 (2), 193-210.

Prior, W. (1999).What it means to be a good citizen in Australia:Perceptions of teachers, students,and parents. Theory and Research in Social Education,27(2),215-248

Pryor, J., Ghartey Ampiah, J., Kutor, N. & Kankam, B. (2005). Student councils in Ghana and the formation of the liberal democratic citizen. In C.Szymanski & K. Mutual (eds) Forefronts in Research. Information Age.

Putnam, R.D.(2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Somon Schuster.

Rauner. M.(1998). The worldwide globalization of civics education topics from 1955-1995. University of Standford , CA.

Radner, H. (2002). Researching your professional practice: Doing interpretive research, London: Open University Press.

Reuben, J.A. (1997). Beyond politics: community civics and redefinition of citizenship in the progressive era. History of Education Quarterly, 37(4), 399-420

Ricci, D. M. (2004). Good citizenship in America. New York: Cambridge University.

Ross, W. (2006). The social studies curriculum: Purpose, problems, and possibilities. Albany: State University of New York.

Ryan, R. Salvaris, M. & Weekley, K. (1996). Citizenship research, a national strategy? Paper presented to the Australian Key Centre for Culture and Media Policy Conference, Culture, and Citizenship, 30 September – 2 October.

Sarantakos, S. (2004). Social research. Basingstoke: MacMillan.

Saxe, D. W. (1992). Framing a theory for social studies foundations. Review of

Educational Research, 62(3), 259-277.

Schuitema, J., Veugelers, W., Rijlaarsdam, G & ten Dam, G. (2009). Twoinstructional designs for dialogic citizenship education: An effect study. British Journal of Psychology 79, 439-461.

Scott D. and Usher R.(1999). Researching educational: Data methods and theory in enquiry . London.Casswell.

Sears, A. & Hughes, A. (2006). Citizenship: Education or indoctrination? Citizenship and Teacher Education, 2 (1), 3-17.

Sefa -Dei, G. (2005b). Social difference and the politics of schooling in Africa: A Ghanaian case study, Compare, 35(3), 227-245.

Sehraeder, P. (2004). African politics and society: A mosaic in transformation. Singapore: Clark Baxter.

Shaver, J.P. (1989). “Lessons from the past: The future of an issues –centred curriculum,” In the social studies, vol. 80.192-196.

Shacklock, G, & Smyth, J. (1998). Being reflexive in critical education and social research.London: Falmer Press.

Shiundu, J. O., & Mohammed, A. (2001). Issues in social studies teacher

education in Africa [Electronic Version]. The African Symposium, 1. Retrieved March 05, 2007, from http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/aern/archives.htm.

Sicakkan, H.G. & Lithman, Y. (2005).Changing basis of citizenship in modern state: political theory and politics of diversity. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.

Silman, F., & Caglar, M.( 2011). A comparative overview of citizenship education in Cyprus. International Review Education, (56)671-682

Smith, R. D.(2003). Citizenship education in the Northern Ireland: Beyond national identity?, Cambridge Journal of Education,33(1),15-31

Smith, R.D. (2002). Modern citizenship in E.F. and B.S. Turner (Eds) handbook of citizenship. London: SAGE Publication.

Simmt, E. (2001). Citizenship education in the context of school mathematics,

Canadian’s National Social Studies Journal, 35 (3)http://www.quasar.ualberta.ca/css/Css_35_3/ARcitizenship_education.htm

Standards for educational and psychological testing (1985).American Psychological Association.

Steen, A. (1999). Numeracy: The new literacy for adata-drenched society.Redefining Literacy, 57(2)8-113.

Stevenso, R.L.(2006). Writer of boundaries in R. Ambrosini and R. Dury (Eds). Literacy criticism. University of Wisconsin Press.eBook 409

Tamakloe, E.K. (1991). The nature of social studies and its curriculum implications. Journal of Institute of Education, 2(1), 4-7.

Tamakloe, E. K. (2008). Issues in social studies education revised. Accra: Black

Mask Ltd.

Tamakloe, E.K., Atta, E.T.,& Amedahe, F.K. (1996). Principles and methods of

Tawiah-Dadzie E. & Kankam, B., (2006) Enhancing teaching and assessment practices In affective objectives of social studies in teacher training colleges in Ghana. Ife Psychologia, 14, (2)100-116.

Teddllie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2006). A general typology of research designs featuring mixed methods.Research in the schools, 13(1), 12-28.

The Advisory Council of Learning and Teaching Scotland. (2002). Education for

http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/citizenship/planning/paper/index.asp

Thomson, A. (2000). An introduction to African politics. London: Routledge

Thornton, S.J. (2005b) History and social studies: A question of philosophy. International Journal of social studies 20(1), 1-5.

Tlou, J., & Kabwila, V. P. (2000). Social studies in Malawi. Gaborone, Botswana: Pyramid Publishing.

Torney- Purta, J. (2004). Patterns in the civic knowledge, engagement, and attitudes of European adolescents: The IEA civic education study. European Journal of Education, 37(2) 129-141

Torney- Purta, J. (2004) Creating citizenship: Youth development for free and democratic society. Executive summary – conference consensus Document (viewpoints WO – ED440914).

Torney-Purta, J. (2007). Guest editors’ introduction. Citizenship Teaching and Learning, 3(2) 1-4.

Torney-Purta, J., Amadeo, J., & Pilotti, F. (2004). Strengthening democracy in the

Americas through civic education: An empirical analysis highlighting the views ofstudents and teachers, Washington: Organization of American States, Unit forSocial Development and Education, Online in:http://www.civnet.org/documents/OASResearch_english.pdf

Torney-Purta, J., Richardson, W. & Barber, C. (2005).”Teachers educational confidence in relation to students’ civic knowledge across countries.” International Journal of citizenship and Teacher Education, 1 (1), July, 32-57, Online in: http://www.citized.info/ijcte/Vol%201%20Number%201/003.pdf

Torney-Purta, J., Schwille, J. & Amadeo, J. (1999) Civic education across countries: Twenty-four national case studies from the IEA civic education project.Amsterdam, The Netherlands: International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(1) 32-57.

Torney -Turner, J. and Patrick, M. (2004) Motivational influences on student participation in classroom learning activities. Teachers College Record 106(9), 1759-1785.

Turner, B. (1993).Outline of the theory of human rights, In B. Turner. (Eds.). Citizenship and Social Theory, (pp.489-512). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Turner, B.S. (2009). Bernard Crick: Citizenship and democracy in the United Kingdom. Citizenship Studies, 13(3) 289-297.

Tyler, R.W. (1949). Basic principles of curriculum and instruction.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

United Nations (1989). Convention of the rights of the child (CRC), New York, United Nations.

Van Gunsteren, H. (I998).A theory of citizenship: Organizing plurarity in contemporary democracies.Boulder: Westview press.

Verba, S., Scholzman, K., & Brady, H. (1996). Voice and equality: civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Walliman, N. (2005). Your research project, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Wandiga, S. O. (1994). Education and science in Africa: Possible ways of improvement in the next decade. Nairobi, Kenya: UNESCO.

Wiersma, W., Jurs, S. (2005). Research methods in education: An introduction. Boston, Mass; London: Pearson/A and B.

Wesley, E. B. (1942). Teaching social studies in elementary schools. Boston. D. C.: Heath and Co.

Westheimer, J. & Kahne, J. (2003). Teaching democracy: What schools need to do. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(1), 34-66.

Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of

educating for democracy. American Educational Journal, 41(2), 237-

269.

Wheeler, D.K. (1998). Curriculum process. London: Hodder and Stoughton.

Wilkins, C. (2003). Teaching for quality and diversity: Putting values into practice, in: A Olser (Ed.) Teachers, human rights and diversity: Educating citizensin multicultural Societies (pp.155-170). (Stoke-on-Trent, Trenttham)

Williams, M. and Humphrys, G. (2003). Introduction. In M. Williams and G. Humphrys (Eds), Citizenship education and lifelong learning: Power and place, (pp.1-277). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Wilson, A.(1999). A global perspective and Ghanaian social studies teachers. Mate Masie, 1, 81-95

Wilson, R. K., Kwame, A.J. (2002). Social studies for senior for secondary schools. Cape Coast: Wilson Books and Stationary Enterprise.

Wright, I. & Sears, A. (1997). Trend and issues in Canadian social studies. Voncouster: Pacific Educational Press.

World Bank (2007). Development and the Next Generation. Washington DC: The

World Bank.

World Development Report (2007). Report of the World Development Report

2007 Kenya Country consultations,14^th November 2005.

Woyshner, C. (2003-2004). Women's associations and the origins of the social

studies: Volunteers, professionals, and the community civics curriculum, 1890-1920. International Journal of Social Education, 18(2), 15-26.

Yu, K. (2009). Democracy is a good thing: Essays on politics, society, and culture in contemporary China. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.

Zhang, S. (2010).Secondary school preservices teachers’ perceptives on teacher

self-disclure as citizenship curriculum. Action in Teacher Education 32(2)82-96.

Zimbardo, P. G. (2003). Psychology and life. New York: Harper Collins

Publishers.

Zins, J.E., Weissberg, R.P., Wing, M.C., & Walberg, H.J. (2004). Building school success through social and emotional learning. New York: Teachers College Press.