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16.1Causes of exceptions

Exception can be thrown in two different ways.

A throw statement (§8.9.5) throws an exception immediately and unconditionally. Control never reaches the statement immediately following the throw.
Certain exceptional conditions that arise during the processing of C# statements and expression cause an exception in certain circumstances when the operation cannot be completed normally. For example, an integer division operation (§7.7.2) throws a System.DivideByZeroException if the denominator is zero. See §16.4 for a list of the various exceptions that can occur in this way.

16.2The System.Exception class

The System.Exception class is the base type of all exceptions. This class has a few notable properties that all exceptions share:

Message is a read-only property of type string that contains a human-readable description of the reason for the exception.
InnerException is a read-only property of type Exception. If its value is non-null, it refers to the exception that caused the current exception—that is, the current exception was raised in a catch block handling the InnerException. Otherwise, its value is null, indicating that this exception was not caused by another exception. The number of exception objects chained together in this manner can be arbitrary.

The value of these properties can be specified in calls to the instance constructor for System.Exception.

16.3How exceptions are handled

Exceptions are handled by a try statement (§8.10).

When an exception occurs, the system searches for the nearest catch clause that can handle the exception, as determined by the run-time type of the exception. First, the current method is searched for a lexically enclosing try statement, and the associated catch clauses of the try statement are considered in order. If that fails, the method that called the current method is searched for a lexically enclosing try statement that encloses the point of the call to the current method. This search continues until a catch clause is found that can handle the current exception, by naming an exception class that is of the same class, or a base class, of the run-time type of the exception being thrown. A catch clause that doesn’t name an exception class can handle any exception.

Once a matching catch clause is found, the system prepares to transfer control to the first statement of the catch clause. Before execution of the catch clause begins, the system first executes, in order, any finally clauses that were associated with try statements more nested that than the one that caught the exception.

If no matching catch clause is found, one of two things occurs:

If the search for a matching catch clause reaches a static constructor (§10.12) or static field initializer, then a System.TypeInitializationException is thrown at the point that triggered the invocation of the static constructor. The inner exception of the System.TypeInitializationException contains the exception that was originally thrown.
If the search for matching catch clauses reaches the code that initially started the thread, then execution of the thread is terminated. The impact of such termination is implementation-defined.

Exceptions that occur during destructor execution are worth special mention. If an exception occurs during destructor execution, and that exception is not caught, then the execution of that destructor is terminated and the destructor of the base class (if any) is called. If there is no base class (as in the case of the object type) or if there is no base class destructor, then the exception is discarded.

16.4Common Exception Classes

The following exceptions are thrown by certain C# operations.

System.ArithmeticException	A base class for exceptions that occur during arithmetic operations, such as System.DivideByZeroException and System.OverflowException.
System.ArrayTypeMismatchException	Thrown when a store into an array fails because the actual type of the stored element is incompatible with the actual type of the array.
System.DivideByZeroException	Thrown when an attempt to divide an integral value by zero occurs.
System.IndexOutOfRangeException	Thrown when an attempt to index an array via an index that is less than zero or outside the bounds of the array.
System.InvalidCastException	Thrown when an explicit conversion from a base type or interface to a derived type fails at run time.
System.NullReferenceException	Thrown when a null reference is used in a way that causes the referenced object to be required.
System.OutOfMemoryException	Thrown when an attempt to allocate memory (via new) fails.
System.OverflowException	Thrown when an arithmetic operation in a checked context overflows.
System.StackOverflowException	Thrown when the execution stack is exhausted by having too many pending method calls; typically indicative of very deep or unbounded recursion.
System.TypeInitializationException	Thrown when a static constructor throws an exception, and no catch clauses exists to catch it.

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