Manual on Module I introduction to Tourism By Personal, Social and Humanities Education Section Education Bureau Copyright

From the Destination Life Cycle to Carrying Capacity

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Carrying Capacity
List of Tables and Figures

From the Destination Life Cycle to Carrying Capacity
The destination life cycle is a useful concept for the description of possible forms and consequences of tourism development. It focuses attention on some important mechanisms of tourism development. However, the destination life cycle should not be looked upon as an inevitable process. At any moment adaptations are possible, for example by government policies.
An important contribution of the life cycle concept is its focus on both temporal and physical concentration. The first is related to growth rates, the second to absolute numbers in relation to the destination’s resources. Both types of concentration can be analyzed in terms of carrying capacity.

Carrying Capacity

In the context of tourism, the concept of carrying capacity can be defined as the maximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in the human and natural environment and without an unacceptable decline in the quality of the experience gained by visitors (Mathieson and Wall, 1982).

The concept of carrying capacity is used mostly when assessing the environmental impacts of tourism. However, the concept is also applicable to other impacts such as socio-cultural and economic ones.
According to Muller (1994) five important dimensions of tourism development exist, together forming the “magic pentagon”.

For at least four of these dimensions one can imagine the existence of a carrying capacity.

economic health
well-being of locals
protection of resources
healthy culture

Assume respect for the economic, social, environmental and cultural carrying capacities respectively. Maybe satisfaction of guests can also be described in such terms: a “satisfactional” carrying capacity.

According to Muller sustainable tourism can only exist if none of the mentioned carrying capacities are violated. In practice, however, there appears to be a trade-off between the short term need for economic development and the long term sustainability interests.
Conclusions
Economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts usually do not occur independently. Often, they can all be linked to a destination’s stage in tourism development. Crucial factors appear to be scale and rate of change, because these are intimately connected with foreign involvement and environmental and social carrying capacities.
In order to expose the inter-linkages between the different kinds of impact, the concepts of carrying capacity and destination life cycle offer interesting perspectives. However, empirical validation of the processes described in this chapter is crucial and will be an important element of future work.

Acknowledgement: Reproduced With permission from Drs. Bas Amelung, Global tourism towards an integrated approach, ICIS, 1995

List of Tables and Figures

Table 1	Push and Pull Factors Often Used	P. 88
Table 2	Tourist Types as Described by Nickerson and Ellis (1991)	P. 93
Table 3	Destination Preference by Tourist Type	P. 94
Table 4	Visitor Arrival Statistics	P. 107
Table 5	Visitor Profile	P. 108
Table 6	Places Visited	P. 108
Table 7	In-town Visitor per Capita Spending by Major Market Area	P. 109
Table 8	Overnight Visitor Spending Patterns	P. 109
Table 9	Main Items Bought	P. 110
Table 10	Purpose of Visit	P. 163
Table 11	Overnight Visitor Spending Patterns	P. 163
Table 12	Same-day In-town Visitor Spending Patterns	P. 164
Table 13	Top Ten Main Items Bought by Visitors	P. 164
Table 14	Top Ten Most Visited Places by Visitors	P. 165
Table 15	Top Five Performance Factors	P. 178
Table 16	Theme Parks Planning in Asia	P. 188
Table 17	The Effects of Tourism on Socio-cultural Aspects of Communities	P. 197
Table 18	Benefits and Costs of Tourism Development	P. 198
Table 19	Tourists who Seek for Local Culture vs Tourists who Look for Superficial Pleasure	P. 199
Table 20	Frequency of Types of Tourists and Their Adaptations to Local Norms	P. 200
Table 21	Host Attitudinal / Behavioural Responses to Tourist Activity	P. 202
Table 22	Doxey’s Index of Tourist Irritation	P. 209
Table 23	A Framework for the Study of Tourism and Environmental Stress	P. 245
Table 24	Green’s Checklist of the Environmental Impacts Caused by Tourism	P. 246

Figure 1	The Formation of Travel Motivations and Travel Actions	P. 73
Figure 2	Push and Pull Theory in One’s Travel Experience	P. 89
Figure 3	Pressures on Tourist Behaviour	P. 95
Figure 4	Tourism and the Structure of the Tourism Industry	P. 121
Figure 5	Connections between Tourists and Product Suppliers of Different Categories in the Tourism Industry	P. 122
Figure 6	Tourism Service Retail Channels Commonly Found in HK	P. 123
Figure 7	Community Problems Associated with the Development of Tourism	P. 201
Figure 8	Host Attitudinal / Behavioural Responses to Tourist Activities	P. 212
Figure 9	Levels of Cultural Penetration	P. 218
Figure 10	Economic Impacts of Tourism	P. 232
Figure 11	The Tourism Income Multiplier at Work	P. 233
Figure 12	The Multiplier Process	P. 233
Figure 13	How Leakages Happen?	P. 237
Figure 14	Environmental Impacts of Tourism	P. 253
Figure 15	The Destination Life Cycle	P. 257
Figure 16	Tourism Development’s Magic Pentagon	P. 261

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