Masaryk University Faculty of Arts



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Table 12

Gerry Watson – Informal

*aɪ sə.ˈpɔʊz *aɪ laɪkʰ ˈɔː.θɚz hʉˑ ɪar | ə kɛn əv biːn fɚ.ˈɡɔtʰ.n̩ | ˈoul.də ˈɔː.θəs | eːm | ˈrɑː.ðə ðən njʉ ˈɔː.θəz |

And I suppose I like authors who are, a kind of been forgotten, older authors, ehm, rather than new authors.

ǂ | *aɪ dʉ ˈak.tʃə.li bət nɔːt̥ ˈvɛ.ri ˈɔf.ən̩ *ʌ ɪnˈdʒo.ɪ ˈpoɪ.tɻi|

I do actually but not very often I enjoy poetry.

*ɛ̈d | ɪd wʉd bi ˈdɪ.fɪkəɫt tʉ seˑɪ ʍuː maɪ ˈfeɪ.və.rɪʔ ˈpoːɪʔ ɪz |

It would be difficult to say who my favourite poet is.

*aˑɫ riːd ə ˈpoʊ.jəm ɪn ɪf ˈjuː.ʒə.li *aɪ ɡo tʰu ma bɛːd oɻ ˈsʌm.θɪŋ |

I’ll read a poem in usually if usually when I go to my bed or something.

*aɪ ɡeɪn ˈ*rɔˑ.bəɻ ˈ*luːɪ ˈ*stiː.və.sən wəz ɜ | ə | ɡʊd ˈpoɪʔ | eːm | *ʌm ˈtrʌɪɪŋ tu θɪŋk o ˈʌ.ðə wʌnz baʔ *aɪ dʉ ɪnˈdʒo.ɪ ˈpo.ɪ.tri | ət iːs ˈfʌ.ni |

I gain Robert Lewis Stevenson was a – a good poet, ehm, I’m trying to think on other ones but I do enjoy poetry, it is funny.

The speech of Gerry is uttered in a moderate tempo, and vowels and consonants are distributed according except for several instances which occur only in the informal utterance:

the [ʍ] in who;

a palatoalveolar click ǂ;

the diphthong [oɪ] in enjoy is uttered as two syllables;

hesitation expressions [eːm];

Gerry pronounces promontory as a four-syllabic word: [ˈpʰɾɔ.mə.tə.ɾi].



      1. Cara McNiel

Cara McNiel is a thirty-nine-year-old lady, who is originally from Glasgow. She studied law and marketing and a business information technology at the University of Strathclyde. It has been five years since she and her family moved to Perth where she works in a library now.

Table 13


Cara McNiel – Formal

*ə ʃɔːr ðət ðeɪ wər ˈwɔˑk.ɪŋ ɔn dɻuː ˈniə.rɚ ənd ˈniə.rɚ tu ðɪ ˈɒ.pə.sɪt ʃuːr |

The shore that they were walking on drew nearer and nearer to the opposite shore,

ənd̥ əz ðeɪ keɪm rəʉnd iːtʃ ˈpʰrɔ.mɪ.nə.ˌtʰər̩i ðɛ ˈtʃɪɫ.dɽən ɪk.ˈspek.tɪd̥ tu faɪnd ðə pleɪs wɝ ðɛiɪ tʰuː dʒoɪnd̥ʰ |

and as they came round each promontory the children expected to find the place where the two joined.

*bʌt̥ʰ ɪn ðɪs ðeɪ wɛɻ ˌdɪs.əˈpɔ.ɪn.tʰɪd̥ |

But in this they were disappointed.

*ðeɪ keɪm tʉ səm rɔks wɪtʃ ðeɪ had̥ tʉ klɑem |

They came to some rocks which they had to climb

ən frəm ðə tɔp ðeɪ kʰəd siˑ ə ˈfɛr.wɝ ə.ˈhɛd ən |

and from the top they could see a fairway ahead and –

*ou ˈbo.ðɝ | sed̥ ˈ*ɛːd̥.mənd | ɪts nou ɡʏd |

‘Oh bother!’ said Edmund, ‘it’s no good.

*wi ʃɑːnt bi ˈeɪb.l̩ tu ɡet tu ðəʊz ˈʌ.ðɝ wudz əˈt ɔˑl |

We shan’t be able to get to those other woods at all.

*wɪr ɔn ən ˈaɪ.lənd̥ |

We’re on an island!’

Table 14

Cara McNiel – Informal

*jɛː | wi du | ˈi.d bi ˈsɪ.mɪ.lə | ðats | nou | *ɑe dɪd̥ ðə ˌju.nɪ.ˈvɛɻ.sɪ.ti bət ðats | jɛːˌs əm| ɪf jə tŭ bi ə lʌi.ˈbrɛː.ɾɪən ɪs ˈlʌi.brɛ.ri ˈstʌ.dis ən or ˌɪn.fɝ.ˈmeɪʃ.n̩ ˈsaɪənts |

Yes, we do, it’d be similar, that’s – no – I did the university but that’s, yes ehm, if you’re to be a librarian it’s library studies and or information science.

*aɪ dɪd ə lɔː ənd ˈmaːrkə.tɪŋ ən ə ˈbɪz.nɪs ˌɪn.fɝ.ˈmeɪʃə.n̩ tek.ˈnɔː.lə.dʒi | *aɪ wəz ə ˈdeɪ.tə ˈaː.nə.lɪst |

I did a law and marketing and a business information technology. I was a data analyst.

*ən ðen *aɪ hɛd̥ θriː sʌnz ən ðen ðɪs ɪz kaɪn əv | sɛː.kən dʒob̥ | wɪtʃ *aɪ dʉ foɾ fʌn |

And then I had three sons and then this is kind of, second job, which I do for fun.

*wel | ɪts nɔt̥ ˈrɪ.li for fʌn bad̥ ɪtz ə naɪz̥ dʒɔb | jɛ̈ |

Well, it’s not really for fun but it’s a nice job, yes.

The tempo of both utterances is equally fast, though not as fast as Patricias‘. The use of vowels and consonants is surprisingly even, since only two phonemes which are not in the formal utterance occur in the informal one: the Aitken’s vowel, and front close rounded [ʏ].

There occurs one distinctive feature in Cara’s speech. Shore in the formal utterance is on one occasion pronounced [ʃuːr].

Cara pronounces promontory as a four-syllabic word: [ˈpʰrɔ.mɪ.nə.ˌtʰər̩i].

Conclusion

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the use of Scottish English accents in formal and informal utterances.

The speech of four speakers living in central Scotland, i.e. in Perthshire was analysed. It was found out that the tempo of formal and informal utterances is similar, the informal being slightly slower because the speakers’ thinking. The characteristics vowels and consonants uttered both formally and informally do not vary significantly.

The results show that the informal utterance showed higher occurrence of glottal stops, hesitation sounds [e:], and various deviations from the Basic Scottish Vowel System. Furthermore, none of the speakers uttered the word promontory correctly.

Should any similar study be carried out, the use of a camera recorder instead of a voice recorder is advised. However, the possible negative impact on the spontaneity of informants must be considered.

The work on this thesis was an enriching experience. Not only did it raise the awareness characteristics of Scottish English, it also showed that there is no good or bad accent but there are only different kinds of them.


Bibliography

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Abercombie, D. (1965). Studies in phonetics and linguistics. London: Oxford University Press.

Abercrombie, D. (1979). The accents of atandard English in Scotland. In A. J. Aitken, & T. Mc Arthur (Eds.), Languages of Scotland (pp. 68-84). Edinburgh: W & R Chambers.

Aitken, A. J. (1984). Scottish accents and dialects. In P. Trudgill (Ed.), Language in the British isles (pp. 94-114). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aitken, A. J. (1979). Scottish speech: a historical view with special reference to the standard English of Scotland. In A. J. Aitken, & T. McArthur (Eds.), Languages of Scotland (pp. 85-118). Edinburgh: W & R Chambers.

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Appendix

The CD comprises from 8 recordings, two for each speaker:

Recording 1: Robert Martin – Formal

Recording 2: Robert Martin – Informal

Recording 3: Patricia Margaret Williams – Formal

Recording 4: Patricia Margaret Williams – Informal

Recording 5: Gerry Watson – Formal

Recording 6: Gerry Watson – Informal

Recording 7: Cara McNeil – Formal

Recording 8: Cara McNeil – Informal

ENGLISH RÉSUMÉ

This thesis aims to investigate the use of Scottish English accents in the context of formal and informal utterances.

In this thesis, accent, dialect and standards of English, i.e. Standard English, General American, and Scottish English are defined. Received Pronunciation, history and characteristic features of Standard English are described.

Furthermore, an overview of languages spoken in Scotland; the early history of ScE; and process of Anglicisation are presented. Then the Phonology of ScE, i.e. vowels, diphthongs, consonants, and prosodic features; types of utterances; and Sociolinguistic features, i.e. territorial mobility, social class, age, gender are discussed with regard to elements present in informants’ formal and informal utterances.

Finally, the speech of speakers living in Pethshire is analysed with regard to tempo and deviances from the Basic Scottish Vowel System.

CZECH RÉSUMÉ

Cílem této bakalářské práce je zkoumání přízvuků skotské angličtiny v kontextu formálních a neformálních projevů.

Bakalářská práce definuje pojmy akcent, dialekt a standardy anglického jazyka: standardní výslovnost, výslovnost běžnou ve Spojených státech, a skotskou angličtinu. Tato práce také popisuje standardní výslovnost, historii a znaky charakteristické pro Standardní podobu anglického jazyka.



Dále práce uvádí přehled jazyků, jimiž se mluví ve Skotsku, raná historie skotské angličtiny a proces poangličťování. Následně se uvádí fonologické znaky skotské angličtiny, tedy vokálů, diftongů a konsonantů, prozodické znaky, typy promluv a sociologické znaky skotské angličtiny, tedy mobilitu, třídní příslušnost, věk, pohlaví. Toto všechno je uváděno do kontextu se znaky, jež vykazovaly promluvy dotazovaných mluvčích.

Nakonec je uvedena analýza formálních a neformálních projevů skotských mluvčích, kteří žijí v Petrhshire, ve vztahu k odchylkám od základního přehledu skotských samohlásek.
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