Masaryk University Faculty of Arts
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- ˈpoɪʔ
- ˈpʰrɔ.mɪ.nə.ˌtʰər̩i
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- ENGLISH RÉSUMÉ
- CZECH RÉSUMÉ
Table 12
The speech of Gerry is uttered in a moderate tempo, and vowels and consonants are distributed according except for several instances which occur only in the informal utterance: the [ʍ] in who; a palatoalveolar click ǂ; the diphthong [oɪ] in enjoy is uttered as two syllables; hesitation expressions [eːm]; Gerry pronounces promontory as a four-syllabic word: [ˈpʰɾɔ.mə.tə.ɾi].
Cara McNiel is a thirty-nine-year-old lady, who is originally from Glasgow. She studied law and marketing and a business information technology at the University of Strathclyde. It has been five years since she and her family moved to Perth where she works in a library now. Table 13
Table 14
The tempo of both utterances is equally fast, though not as fast as Patricias‘. The use of vowels and consonants is surprisingly even, since only two phonemes which are not in the formal utterance occur in the informal one: the Aitken’s vowel, and front close rounded [ʏ]. There occurs one distinctive feature in Cara’s speech. Shore in the formal utterance is on one occasion pronounced [ʃuːr]. Cara pronounces promontory as a four-syllabic word: [ˈpʰrɔ.mɪ.nə.ˌtʰər̩i]. Conclusion The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the use of Scottish English accents in formal and informal utterances. The speech of four speakers living in central Scotland, i.e. in Perthshire was analysed. It was found out that the tempo of formal and informal utterances is similar, the informal being slightly slower because the speakers’ thinking. The characteristics vowels and consonants uttered both formally and informally do not vary significantly. The results show that the informal utterance showed higher occurrence of glottal stops, hesitation sounds [e:], and various deviations from the Basic Scottish Vowel System. Furthermore, none of the speakers uttered the word promontory correctly. Should any similar study be carried out, the use of a camera recorder instead of a voice recorder is advised. However, the possible negative impact on the spontaneity of informants must be considered. The work on this thesis was an enriching experience. Not only did it raise the awareness characteristics of Scottish English, it also showed that there is no good or bad accent but there are only different kinds of them.
Bibliography (2005, April 21). Gaelic language (Scotland) act 2005. (2005). The Stationery Office Limited. Available from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2005/7/pdfs/asp_20050007_en.pdf Abercombie, D. (1965). Studies in phonetics and linguistics. London: Oxford University Press. Abercrombie, D. (1979). The accents of atandard English in Scotland. In A. J. Aitken, & T. Mc Arthur (Eds.), Languages of Scotland (pp. 68-84). Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. Aitken, A. J. (1984). Scottish accents and dialects. In P. Trudgill (Ed.), Language in the British isles (pp. 94-114). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aitken, A. J. (1979). Scottish speech: a historical view with special reference to the standard English of Scotland. In A. J. Aitken, & T. McArthur (Eds.), Languages of Scotland (pp. 85-118). Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. Baugh, A. C., & Cable, T. (1991). A history of the English language (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. Blake, N. F. (1996). A history of the English language. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Cohen, A. (1965). The phonemes of English. A phonemic study of the vowels and consonants of standard English. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. Coulmas, F. (2004). Sociolinguistics. The study of speaker's choices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cruttenden, A. (Ed.). (2008). Gimson's pronunciation of English (7th ed.). London: Hodder Education. Crystal, D. (1991). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (3rd ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (1980). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chambers, J. K., & Trudgill, P. (1980). Dialectology. Cambdridge: Cambridge University Press. Downes, W. (1998). Language and society (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. General Register Office for Scotland (2005a). Gaelic language (Scotland) act 2005. The Stationery Office Limited. Available from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2005/7/pdfs/asp_20050007_en.pdf General Register Office for Scotland (2005b). Scotland's population 2004: The Registrar General's annual review of demographic trends (150th ed.). Available from http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files1/stats/scotlands-population-2004-the-register-generals-annual-review-150stedition/j9085d05.htm Gimson, A. C. (1984). RP accent. In P. Trudgill (Ed.), Language in the British isles (pp. 45-69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Inglis (n.d.). Dictionary of the Scots language. Retrieved from http://www.dsl.ac.uk. Iris (n.d.). Dictionary of the Scots language. Retrieved from http://www.dsl.ac.uk. Johnston, P. (1997). Regional variety. In C. Jones (Ed.), The Edinburgh history of the Scots language (pp. 433-513). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Jones, C. (Ed.). (1997). The Edinburgh history of the Scots language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Kniezsa, V. (1997). The origins of Scots ortography. In C. Jones (Ed.), The Edinburgh history of the Scots language. (pp. 24-46). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Lewis, C. S. (1998). Chronicles of Narnia. Prince Caspian. London: Diamond Books. Macafee, C. (n. d.). History of Scots to 1700. In Dictionary of the Scots Language. Retrieved from http://www.dsl.ac.uk/SCOTSHIST/ McArthur, T. (1996). English in the World and in Europe. In R. R. Hartmann (Ed.), The English language in Europe (pp. 3-15). Exeter: Intellect. McArthur, T. (1979). The status of English in and furth of Scotland. In A. J. Aitken, & T. McArthur (Eds.), Languages of Scotland (pp. 50-67). Edingurgh: W & R Chambers. McIntosh, A. (1952). Introduction to a survey of Scottish Dialects. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson. Murdoch, S. (1996). Language politics of Scotland (2nd ed.). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Scots Leid Quorum. Available from http://scotsyett.com/download/lip.pdf Orton, H. (1962). Survey of English dialects. A. Introduction. Leeds: E J Arnold & Son. Rogers, H. (2000). The sounds of language: An introduction to phonetics. London: Pearson Education Limited.
Scottis (n.d.). Dictionary of the Scots language. Retrieved from http://www.dsl.ac.uk. Stuart-Smith, J. (2004). Scottish English: phonology. In E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann, R. Mesthrie, & C. Upton (Eds.), A handbook of varieties of English: Phonology, Vol. 1 (Vol. 1, pp. 47-67). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Trnka, B. (1966). A phonological analysis of present-day standard English. Tokyo: Hokuou Publishing Co. Trudgill, P. (1999). The dialects of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Appendix The CD comprises from 8 recordings, two for each speaker: Recording 1: Robert Martin – Formal Recording 2: Robert Martin – Informal Recording 3: Patricia Margaret Williams – Formal Recording 4: Patricia Margaret Williams – Informal Recording 5: Gerry Watson – Formal Recording 6: Gerry Watson – Informal Recording 7: Cara McNeil – Formal Recording 8: Cara McNeil – Informal ENGLISH RÉSUMÉ This thesis aims to investigate the use of Scottish English accents in the context of formal and informal utterances. In this thesis, accent, dialect and standards of English, i.e. Standard English, General American, and Scottish English are defined. Received Pronunciation, history and characteristic features of Standard English are described. Furthermore, an overview of languages spoken in Scotland; the early history of ScE; and process of Anglicisation are presented. Then the Phonology of ScE, i.e. vowels, diphthongs, consonants, and prosodic features; types of utterances; and Sociolinguistic features, i.e. territorial mobility, social class, age, gender are discussed with regard to elements present in informants’ formal and informal utterances. Finally, the speech of speakers living in Pethshire is analysed with regard to tempo and deviances from the Basic Scottish Vowel System. CZECH RÉSUMÉ Cílem této bakalářské práce je zkoumání přízvuků skotské angličtiny v kontextu formálních a neformálních projevů. Bakalářská práce definuje pojmy akcent, dialekt a standardy anglického jazyka: standardní výslovnost, výslovnost běžnou ve Spojených státech, a skotskou angličtinu. Tato práce také popisuje standardní výslovnost, historii a znaky charakteristické pro Standardní podobu anglického jazyka. Dále práce uvádí přehled jazyků, jimiž se mluví ve Skotsku, raná historie skotské angličtiny a proces poangličťování. Následně se uvádí fonologické znaky skotské angličtiny, tedy vokálů, diftongů a konsonantů, prozodické znaky, typy promluv a sociologické znaky skotské angličtiny, tedy mobilitu, třídní příslušnost, věk, pohlaví. Toto všechno je uváděno do kontextu se znaky, jež vykazovaly promluvy dotazovaných mluvčích. Nakonec je uvedena analýza formálních a neformálních projevů skotských mluvčích, kteří žijí v Petrhshire, ve vztahu k odchylkám od základního přehledu skotských samohlásek. Download 355.75 Kb. Share with your friends:
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