Masaryk university

1^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 6. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

2^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. Oxon, New York- Routledge, 2008, pp-xiv.

3^ Dmitri V. Trenin- Aleksei V. Malashenko- Anatol Lieven (2004): Russia’s restless frontier: the Chechnya factor in post-Soviet Russia. Washington-The Brookings Institute Press, 2004, pp 1.

4^ Lieven, A (1998): CHECHNYA: Tombstone of Russian Power. New Haven, London-Yale University Press, 1998, pp 1.

5^ Ibid.: 2.

6^ Hughes, J (2007): CHECHNYA: From Nationalism to Jihad. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-University of Pennsylvania, 2007, pp xiv-xv.

7^ Ibid-xv.

8^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp-13. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

9^Lehrer, Jim (1996-2011): Conflict in Chechnya: Russia’s Renegade Republic. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/chechnya/timeline.html

10^ Actually, there were clash of interests, for obtaining the power and for creating political and/or religious control were struggled two mutually-exclusive views, which were social politic and religious-philosophical views.

11^ Заурбекова, Г (2001): Важнейшие проблемы конфликта и поствоенной реконструкции. Pp 91. In Гакаев, Д. Д-Яндаров, А. Д ( 2001): Чечня: от конфликта к стабилности. Москва-Российская Академия наук.

12^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , Pp 105. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

13^ Hughes, James (2001): Chechnya: the causes of a protected post-Soviet conflict. London-LSE Research Online. Pp 11. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/641/1/Hughes.Chechnya.Civil_Wars.pdf

14^ Ibid: 11.

15^ Гакаев, Д. Д-Яндаров, А. Д ( 2001): Чечня: от конфликта к стабилности. Москва-Российская Академия наук. Pp 102.

16^ Sean Renaud (2010): A view from Chechnya: An Assessment of Russian Counterinsurgency during the two Chechen Wars and Future Implications. Master thesis. Massey University, pp 27.

17^ With the beginning of World War II, Soviet leader Josef Stalin charged both the Chechen and Ingush of having Nazi sympathies and conspiring with Nazi Germany. For Stalin, this served as ample justification for the massive deportation of 400,000-800,000 Chechens and the Ingush. Hundreds of thousands were exiled to the remote areas of Central Asia and Siberia on February 23, 1944, a date that is tragically solidified in Chechen history.  It wasn’t until thirteen years later that the Chechens and the Ingush were permitted to return to their devastated homeland.

Available at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~queir20r/classweb/pages/AGlanceAtThePast.html and http://www.massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/The-Massive-Deportation-of-the-Chechen-People-How-and-why.pdf

18^Furman, D. (March 2002): Russia, Chechnya and the international community. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, issue 20. Available at: http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=2411

19^ Mагомедов. М (2001): Проблема когерентности в обшественно-политических ситуациях Чечни начала и конца ХХ века. Pp 110-111. In Гакаев, Д. Д-Яндаров, А. Д ( 2001): Чечня: от конфликта к стабилности. Москва-Российская Академия наук.

20^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp-13. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

21^ Магомедов. М. М (2006): Российко-Чеченские войны: причины, последствие, пути преодоления. In Ибрагимов, Х. И-Тишков. В. А (2006): Чеченская Республика и чеченцы: история и современность. Материалы Всероссийский научной конференции. Москва, 19-20 апреля 2005 года. Москва-Наука, 2006, pp 479.

22^ Shah, Anup (September 2004): Crisis in Chechnya. In a web page: Global Issue: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All. Available at: http://www.globalissues.org/article/100/crisis-in-chechnya

23^ Локшина, Т – Чевкасов, А (2007): Чечня. Жизн на войне. Москва-РОО Центр «Демос», 2007, pp 57. (Link № 30). Available at: http://www.demos-center.ru/images/kniga_a5_.pdf

24^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp-111

25^ Ibid: 104.

26^ He was the first ethnic Chechen who occupied like this high post in republic executive since the Chechen’s return in 1957. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doku_Zavgayev

27^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno- Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York: Routledge, 2008, pp 113.

28^ Paul B. Henze: Islam in the North Caucasus: The Example of Chechnya. Available at: http://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/Henze_Islam_NorthCaucasus.pdf

29^ John B. Dunpol (1998): Russian confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge - New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp 129. Available at: http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam034/97051840.pdf

30^ Bodansky, J (2007): CHECHEN JIHAD: Al Qaeda’s Training Groups and the Next Wave of Terror. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007, pp 23.

31^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York: Routledge, 2008, pp 115.

32^ Lehrer, Jim (1996-2011): Conflict in Chechnya: Russia’s Renegade Republic. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/chechnya/timeline.html

33^ Hughes, James (2001): Chechnya: the causes of a protected post-Soviet conflict. London-LSE Research Online. Pp 31. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/641/1/Hughes.Chechnya.Civil_Wars.pdf

34^ John F. Baddeley (1908): The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. London: New York-Bombay-Calcutta: Longmans Green and Co., pp268. Available at: http://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/John_Baddaley_1908.pdf

35^Press conference given by Aleksandr Lebed‘ in August 1996, in Discussion List about Chechnya, Chechnya@Plearn. EDU.PL, 13 August 1996. Available at: kms1.isn.ethz.ch/.../Files/.../Ch3+Suicide+Bombings+in+Chechnya.pdf

36^ Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Boris Yeltsin and the First Chechen War. National Defence University: National War College. Pp 1.

Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA441554&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

37^Lehrer, Jim (1996-2011): Conflict in Chechnya: Russia’s Renegade Republic. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/chechnya/timeline.html

38^ Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Pp 1.

39^ Bodansky, J (2007): CHECHEN JIHAD: Al Qaeda’s Training Groups and the Next Wave of Terror. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007, pp 28.

40^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp 116.

41^ Sokirianskaia, E (2009): Governing Fragmented Sociaties: State-Building and Political Integration in Chechnya and Ingushetia. Hungary-Central European University. Doctoral thesis-2009, pp 200. Available at: http://web.ceu.hu/polsci/dissertations/Ekaterina_Sokirianskaia.pdf

42^ Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Boris Yeltsin and the First Chechen War. National Defence University: National War College. Available at:

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA441554&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

43^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , Pp 105. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

44^ ‘The invasion force consisted of 23,700 men-approximately 19,000 from the Army and 4700 from the Ministry of the Interior. The force was supported by 80 battle tanks, 208 armoured vehicles-APCs and 182 artillery pieces. In March 1995 the military number of arsenal reached 58,000. The force dividend into three columns, which then moved into Chechnya from Ingushetiya, North Ossetiya and Dagestan.’ In John B. Dunlop (1998): Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge-New York: Cambridge University Press, pp 209. Available also at: http://www.caucasus.dk/publication1.htm

45^ Hughes, James (2001): Chechnya: the causes of a protected post-Soviet conflict. London-LSE Research Online. Pp 31. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/641/1/Hughes.Chechnya.Civil_Wars.pdf

46^ Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Boris Yeltsin and the First Chechen War. National Defence University: National War College. Available at:

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA441554&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

47^ Ibid.: Pp 10.

48^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 21. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

49^ Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Boris Yeltsin and the First Chechen War. Pp 11.

50^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp-115.

51^ Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Boris Yeltsin and the First Chechen War. Pp 12. Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA441554&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

52^Lehrer, Jim (1996-2011): Conflict in Chechnya: Russia’s Renegade Republic. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/chechnya/timeline_2.html

53^ BBC news. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/2357267.stm

54^ ‘Shamil Basayev was a notorious Chechen warlord. He was killed in 2005 by a truck explosion allegedly orchestrated by Russian Special Forces. Pro rebel forces claim that the explosion was an accidental. Basayev was initially seen as a fierce fighter, a brilliant commander and a national hero. During the mid-nineties he rarely involved himself in operations related to terror. He ran for Chechen presidency in 1997 losing to Maskhadov. He was also the Prime Minister for a few months in the same year but did not succeed in the post and became a powerful Chechen warlord instead. He also organised a raid with ibn Khattab into Dagestan apparently with the aim of setting up an Islamic state. As the struggle against the Russians continued Basayev become increasingly brutal in his methods and operations. By the end of the nineties his avoidance of terrorism no longer existed and he changed to become an organizer and perpetrator of brutal terror attacks. He organized the explosion of two Russian civilian airliners, the Moscow Theater attack as well as the Beslan school attack. This caused his to lose support amongst the Chechen population and become one of Russia’s most wanted fugitive till his death in 2005.’ In Scher, G. (August 2009): Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/3/Default.aspx

55^Global Jihad: The 21th century’s phenomenon (February 2008): Available at: http://www.globaljihad.net/view_page.asp?id=722

56^Sokirianskaia, E (2009): Governing Fragmented Societies: State-Building and Political Integration in Chechnya and Ingushetia (1991-2009). Budapest-Political Science Department, Central European University, pp 209. Available at: http://web.ceu.hu/polsci/dissertations/Ekaterina_Sokirianskaia.pdf

57^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 22. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

58^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 302. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/237208273/fulltextPDF?accountid=16531

59^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp-118.

60^ Lehrer, Jim (1996-2011): Conflict in Chechnya: Russia’s Renegade Republic. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/europe/chechnya/timeline.html

61^ Баранов, А.--Герасименко, С.--Устюжанин, В.--Чебыкин, И. (31.08.2001): Хасавюртский «мир»: благо или позордля России?. Komsomolskaya Pravda. Available at: http://www.kp.ru/daily/22623/11851/

62^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 23. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

63^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , Pp 105. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

64^ ‘Aslan Maskhadov succeeded Dudayev as leader of Chechnya in 1997. He managed to sign a treaty with Russia after the first Chechen war giving Chechnya de facto independence. Maskhadov was opposed to fundamentalist Islam and tried unsuccessfully to ban Wahabism in Chechnya. He described the perpetrators of the Beslan attack as “madmen”. Another major player, Shamil Basayev, as well as local warlords undermined his authority and influence. Maskhadov was killed in 2005 during a russian operation in Chechnya.’ In Scher, G. (August 2009): Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/3/Default.aspx

65^Hart, S-Hess C. Derek (2001): Boris Yeltsin and the First Chechen War. Pp 10. Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA441554&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

66^Ciotta, J (April 11, 2010): Causes of the first Chechen war. Available at: http://www.suite101.com/content/causes-of-the-first-chechen-war-a224162

67^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp 117.

68^Sokirianskaia, E (2009): Governing Fragmented Societies: State-Building and Political Integration in Chechnya and Ingushetia (1991-2009). Budapest-Political Science Department, Central European University, pp 205. Available at: http://web.ceu.hu/polsci/dissertations/Ekaterina_Sokirianskaia.pdf

69^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 26. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

70^ Aron, L. (February 2003): Chechnya: new Dimensions of the Old Crisis. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Resurch. Available at: http://www.aei.org/outlook/15848

71^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 27. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

72^ Evangelista, M (October 1999): Dagestan and Chechnya: Russia’s Self-Defeating Wars. Cornell University-PONARS Policy Memo 95. Available at: http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/faculty/docs/evangelista/Dagestan%20and%20Chechnya.pdf

73^ Воронов, В (August 2006): 10 лет назад подписаны Хасавюртские соглашения. Available at: http://www.yavlinsky.ru/news/index.phtml?id=3048

74^Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 32. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

75^ Ibid.: 32

76^ Williams, B. Glyn (2001): The Russo-Chechen war: a threat to stability in the Middle East and Eurasia? Publication: Middle East Policy.

Available at: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=80061983

77^ Evangelista, M (October 1999): Dagestan and Chechnya: Russia’s Self-Defeating Wars. Cornell University-PONARS Policy Memo 95. Available at: http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/faculty/docs/evangelista/Dagestan%20and%20Chechnya.pdf

78^ ‘Mopping up operations, are routinely the occasion for abuse, particularly arbitrary detention and subsequent torture, ill-treatment, and “disappearance.” Soldiers also killed numerous civilians, both during and beyond the context of sweep operations, in indiscriminate shootings. Masked soldiers conducted numerous nightly raids, detaining men who subsequently “disappeared”.’ In Cornell, E. Svante (2003): The War Against Terrorism and the Conflict in Chechnya: A Case for Distinction. Pp 172. Available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/archives/pdfs/27-2pdfs/cornell.pdf

79^ Colonel Bruce E. Empric (2002): Chechnya-Russia’s Quagmire. USAWC Strategy Research Project. Pp 16. Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA416598&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

80^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 66. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

81^ Gerhard Schroeder, German chancellor (September 2001): Berlin Summit with Silvio Berlusconi, Gerhard Schroeder and Vladimir Putin. Available at: http://www.aei.org/docLib/20031211_QuotationsaboutChechnya.pdf

82^ William J. Burns (May 2006): US embassy cables: Chechnya, the Once and Future War. Guardian.co.uk. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/65802

83^ Baev, K. Pavel (November 2004): Putin’s War in Chechnya: Who steers the course?. Oslo-International Peace Research Institute. Available at: http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0345.pdf

84^ Локшина, Т – Чевкасов, А (2007): Чечня. Жизн на войне. Москва-РОО Центр «Демос», 2007, pp 57. (Link № 30). Available at: http://www.demos-center.ru/images/kniga_a5_.pdf

85^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp 126.

86^ William J. Burns (May 2006): US embassy cables: Chechnya, the Once and Future War. Guardian.co.uk. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/65802

87^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp 128.

88^ ‘“Wahhabism”, a movement to purify Islamic teaching, originated in the mid-18^th century in Arabia as part of an influential purification movement associated with Muhammed Abd ibn al-Wahhab ibn Suleiman at-Tamimi (1703-1791) of Nejd. Inspired by texts written by a scholar named Ibn Taimiyyah (1263-1328), this religious reformed and his disciples called for a return to the purity of early Islam, as-salaf as-salih, or the Islam of “the (pious, honourable, virtuous) forefathers”; it adheres to the strictest Hanbali madhhab. Incidentally, the followers of Wahhab themselves refuse to refer to themselves as “Wahhabis”, partly because this term has had a negative connotation since the days of the Ottoman Empire, but mainly because of the prohibition against identifying oneself with the name of a man, which would be committing the sin of idolatry. They call themselves mu-wahhidun (“those accepting and worshipping the only God in existence”) or salafiyyun (“followers of the paths of pious, honourable, or virtuous predecessors”).

The goal of the “Wahhabis”, and adherents of Salafism in general, has been the purging of pagan elements (jahiliya, which also included the adat) as well as newer heretical elements of late Islamic origin that the faith had taken on as early as during Islam’s territorial expansion after the Prophet Muhammad’s death.

In order to differentiate the radical and militant branches of practitioners of Salafism from its relatively moderate adherents, the terms Jihadist Salafism, Jihadism, or extremist Salafism will be used.’ In Souleimanov, E.: Islam, Islamism, and Terrorism in the Northern Caucasus and Central Asia: A Critical Assessment. Pp 274. Available at: http://www.core-hamburg.de/documents/yearbook/english/06/SouleimanovHorak-en.pdf

89^ Akayev, V.: The Conflict between Traditional Islam and Wahhabism in the North Caucasus: Origins, Dynamics and the Means for its Resolution. Available at: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=123142

90^ Souleimanov, E. (2005): Chechnya, Wahhabism and the Invasion of Dagestan. Available at: http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue4/Souleimanov%20pdf.pdf

91^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , pp 104-105. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

92^ Russian Journal (February 2005): Ordinary Wahhabism. Islam Daily: Observing Media. Available at: http://www.islamdaily.org/en/wahabism/2403.ordinary-wahhabism.htm/

93^ Ibid.: http://www.islamdaily.org/en/wahabism/2403.ordinary-wahhabism.htm/

94^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

95^Souleimanov, E. (2005): Chechnya, Wahhabism and the Invasion of Dagestan. Available at: http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue4/Souleimanov%20pdf.pdf

96^ Akayev, V.: The Conflict between Traditional Islam and Wahhabism in the North Caucasus: Origins, Dynamics and the Means for its Resolution. Available at: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=123142

97^ Gammer, M (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York- Routledge, 2008, pp 123.

98^Aron, Leon (February 2003): Chechnya: New Dimensions of the Old Crisis. Americal Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Available at: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=outlook&pubId=15848&authors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/2%3ELeon%20Aron%3C/a%3E

99^Ibid.: Available at: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=outlook&pubId=15848&authors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/2%3ELeon%20Aron%3C/a%3E

100^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , pp 106-108. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

101^Souleimanov, E. (2005): Chechnya, Wahhabism and the Invasion of Dagestan. Available at: http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue4/Souleimanov%20pdf.pdf

102^Akayev, V.: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=123142

103^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , pp 106-108. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

104^ Souleimanov, E. (2005): Chechnya, Wahhabism and the Invasion of Dagestan. Pp 61. Available at: http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue4/Souleimanov%20pdf.pdf

105^ Vatchagaev, M. (April 2005): The Role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. North Caucasus Analysis Publication, Vol. 6, Issue 16. Available at: http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30330

106^ Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , pp 112. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

107^Литвиненко, Алексей - Фельштинский, Ефим: ФСБ Взрывают Россию. Available at: http://terror99.ru/book.htm

108^Souleimanov, E. (2005): Chechnya, Wahhabism and the Invasion of Dagestan. Pp 61. Available at: http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue4/Souleimanov%20pdf.pdf

109^ Akayev, V.: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=123142

110^Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): pp 113. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

111^ Ibid.: pp 113.

112^ Ibid.: pp 113.

113^ Vatchagaev, M. (April 2005): The Role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. North Caucasus Analysis Publication, Vol. 6, Issue 16. Available at: http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30330

114^BBC (3 March 2011): Кто такие “Черные ястребы” на Кавказе. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/radio/2011/03/110303_a_utro_black_hawks_markedonov.shtml

115^ Gorenburg, Dmitry (December, 2006): Russia’s Muslims: A Growing Challenge for Moscow. Harvard University, PONARS Policy Memo No. 421. Available at: http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0421.pdf

116^ Kroupenev, A (January 2009 ): Radical Islam in Chechnya. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/636/Default.aspx

117^ Svante E. Cornell-Starr S. Frederick (June 2006): The Caucasus: A Challenge for Europe. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute-Silk Road Studies Program.

Available at: http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0606Caucasus.pdf

118^ Malashenko, A-Yarlykapov, A (May 2009): Radicalization of Russia’s Muslim Community. Brighton-MICROCON policy Working Paper 9. Available at: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/PWP9_AM_AY.pdf

119^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 70. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

120^ Wilhelmsen, J.--Fatland, E. (eds) (2010): Chechen Scholars on Chechnya. Norwegian Institution of International Affairs, 2010, pp 86. NUPI Report. Available at: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?fecvnodeid=110635&groupot593=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&dom=1&fecvid=33&ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&v33=110635&id=123140

121^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 78. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

122^Malashenko, Aleksei: The glitter and poverty of Chechen Islam. Available at: http://books.sipri.org/files/books/SIPRI01Chufrin/SIPRI01Chufrin17.pdf

123^ Zarakhovich, Y (March 1996): Terms of War and Peace: Chechen Leader Jokhar Dudayev. TIME, in partnership with CNN.

Available at: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984203,00.html#ixzz1GkFQzbx4

124^ Hughes, James (2001): Chechnya: the causes of a protected post-Soviet conflict. London-LSE Research Online, pp 34. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/641/1/Hughes.Chechnya.Civil_Wars.pdf

125^ Kroupenev, A (January 2009): Radical Islam in Chechnya. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/636/Default.aspx

126^ Lyon, A.J. (March 2004): The Transnational Mobilization of Islamic Fundamentalism: Separatism in Chechnya and the Wahhabis. Paper presented at the annual meeting ofthe Internatonal Studies Association. Available at: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/2/4/4/p72447_index.html

127^ Hughes, James (2001): Chechnya: the causes of a protected post-Soviet conflict. London-LSE Research Online, pp 34. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/641/1/Hughes.Chechnya.Civil_Wars.pdf

128^Anders Fogh Pasmussen, Danish prime Minister (November 11, 2002): EU-Russia Summit, Brussels. Available at: http://www.aei.org/docLib/20031211_QuotationsaboutChechnya.pdf

129^Merari, Ariel (Winter 1993): Terrorism as a Strategy of Insurgency. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4. Available at: http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/strategy_insurgency.html

130^Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 293. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=10&sid=4fa3b47d-c84f-4efe-9481-6eae64b05236%40sessionmgr4&vid=2

131^ Ibid.: pp 293.

132^ Ibid.: pp 294.

133^ Ibid.: pp 294.

134^ Glenn E. Schweitzer (2006): Countering Urban terrorism in Russia and the United States: proceeding of a workshop. National Academics Press, pp 211-212.

135^ Glenn E. Schweitzer (2006): pp 211.

136^ Merari, Ariel (Winter 1993): Terrorism as a Strategy of Insurgency. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4. Available at: http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/strategy_insurgency.html

137^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 294. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=10&sid=4fa3b47d-c84f-4efe-9481-6eae64b05236%40sessionmgr4&vid=2.

138^ Ibid.: pp 294.

139^ Merari, Ariel (Winter 1993): Terrorism as a Strategy of Insurgency. Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 5, No. 4. Available at: http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/strategy_insurgency.html

140^Душенко К. В. (2006) Словарь современных цитат: 5200 цитат и выражений ХХ и ХХ вв., их источники, авторы, датировка. Москва: Эксмо, pp 158.

141^ On the Fight Against Terrorism. Article 3. Russian Federation Federal Law No. 130-FZ, Signed by Russian Federal president B. Yeltsin 25 July 1998. Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/world/russia/docs/law_980725.htm

142^ In a webpage Капиталстраны: Информачионный Партнер ТПП России. Терроризм в России (December 2009). Available at: http://www.kapital-rus.ru/articles/article/175472

143^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 306-307. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/237208273/fulltextPDF?accountid=16531

144^ Ibid.: pp 307.

145^Gammer, Moshe (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York: Routledge, 2008, pp 123.

146^ Tumelty, P. (January 2006): The Rise and Fall of Foreign Fighters in Chechnya. In publication-Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 4, Issue 2. Available at: http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=658

147^ Scher, G. (August 2009): Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/3/Default.aspx

148^ Shlapentokh, D. (August 2008): The Jihadization of the Northern Caucasus. Webpage-Mideast Monitor, Vol.3, No. 2. Available at: http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_5.htm

149^ Ibid.: http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_5.htm

150^ ‘Ibn Khattab arrived in Chechnya at the end of 1994. He was Saudi born. His full name was Saleh Abdullah al-Suwailem. Khattab become renowned as a brilliant fighter and one of his operations resulted in the destruction of a whole Russian battalion. As mentioned, Khattab had fought in Afghanistan and Tajikistan before his arrivel i Chechnya. He was reported to be a close associate of Osama bin Laden. Furthermore he allegedly set up Wahabi training camps for hundred of fighters throughout Chechnya. He was killed with poison by Russian forces in 2002. Russia ordered 10 million dollars for his death which it was the biggest offered amount in all history of Russia.’ In Scher, G. (August 2009): Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/3/Default.aspx

151^ Vidino, L. (Spring 2006): The Arab Foreign Fighters and the Sacralization of the Chechen Conflict. The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization. Available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/al_nakhlah/archives/spring2006/vidino.pdf

152^ Gammer, M. (2008): Ethno-Nationalism, Islam and the State in the Caucasus: Post-Soviet disorder. London-New York: Routledge, 2008, pp 158.

153^ Ibid.: pp 157.

154^ Vidino, L. (Spring 2006): The Arab Foreign Fighters and the Sacralization of the Chechen Conflict. The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization. Available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/al_nakhlah/archives/spring2006/vidino.pdf

155^ Caglar, Arnold (May 2003): In the Spotlight: The Special Purpose Islamic Regiment. In webpage-Terrorism Project. Available at: http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/spir.cfm

156^ Vidino, L. (Spring 2006): The Arab Foreign Fighters and the Sacralization of the Chechen Conflict. The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization. Available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/al_nakhlah/archives/spring2006/vidino.pdf

157^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 100. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf and also possible in a webpage of FSB of Russia, available at: http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.fsb.ru/fsb/smi/interview/single.htm!id%253D10342753%40fsbSmi.html&ei=lnOrTbPeLMnCswbj9bWTCA&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25C2%25AB%25D0%2590%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C-%25D0%2598%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25C2%25BB%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Divns

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