Masaryk university

158^Agentura.ru: Реувен Паз: Чечня никогда не была приоритетом для Аль-Каиды. Available at: http://www.agentura.ru/experts/reuvenpaz/

159^Agentura.ru: Адам Долник: Чечня никогда не была приоритетом для Аль-Каиды. Available at: http://www.agentura.ru/experts/reuvenpaz/

160^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 299. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/237208273/fulltextPDF?accountid=16531

161^ Кавказский Узел (November 2001). Чеченский джихад - не локальное явление. Available at: http://kabardino-balkaria.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/12210/

162^ Shlapentokh, D. (August 2008): The Jihadization of the Northern Caucasus. Webpage-Mideast Monitor, Vol.3, No. 2. Available at: http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_5.htm

163^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 100. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

164^ Ibid.: pp 102.

165^ Ibid.: pp 87.

166^ Ibid.: pp 87.

167^ ‘Doku Umarov is the new leader of the Chechen separatist armed movement. He is believed to be affiliated with al-Qaeda and has declared an Islamic Emirate in the greater Russian Caucus region. Umarov has been referred to as the “Emir of the Mujahidin of the Caucasus”. He has stressed the importance of implementing sharia law in the area and that it is the responsibility of the Muslims to fight the “infidels”. In his declaration of the Islamic Emirate he included Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Ossetia and the Nogay Steppe. He stated, “I declare ethnic, territorial and colonial zones carrying names of ‘North-Caucasus republics’, ‘Trans-Caucasian republics’ and other such terms as outlawed.” However, he did not declare clear boundaries stating, “I do not believe it is necessary to draw the borders of the Caucasus Emirate.” According to Umarov his goals are to expel non-Muslims and implement Sharia and to expand Jihad beyond the Russian Caucasus.’ In Scher, G. (August 2009): Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/3/Default.aspx

168^ ‘“Black Widows” is the named given to a group of Chechen female suicide bombers or self-sacrifice women, who emerged from the Second Chechen war against the Russians, which began in 1999 in Chechnya. Most of the women, although not all of them, suffered abuse from Russians or lost close relatives in the war against the Russians and were motivated by the particular hate toward Russia and by personal vendetta but not by devotion to Islam. There were only very few cases of manipulation and abuse of would be Black Widows by their handlers and operators.’ In Global Jihad: the 21th century’s phenomenon. Black Widows of Chechnya (December 2008). Available at: http://www.globaljihad.net/view_page.asp?id=1301

169^ ‘The Arabic word “Jihad” means “struggle”. The Koran explains that the greater jihad is the striving of a servant against his low desires, meaning that jihad is an internal struggle to make oneself a battle person. However Wahhabits insist that militant-jihad is the true jihad.’ In Speckhard, A.-Akhmedova, K (2006): The New Chechen Jihad: Militant Wahhabism as a Radical Movement and a Source of Suicide Terrorism in Post-War Chechen Society. In Democracy & Security, Volume 2, Issue 1. Routledge publication , pp 112. Available at: http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/757463__748685517.pdf

170^ Scher, G. (August 2009): Chechen Jihad: An Analytical Overview. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/743/currentpage/3/Default.aspx

171^ Hughes, James (2007): CHECHNYA: From Nationalism to Jihad. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 2007, pp 94.

172^ Weinberg, Leonard – Pedahzur, Ami (2004): Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism. London-Portland: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Pp 11.

173^ Cornell, E. Svante (2003): The War Against Terrorism and the Conflict in Chechnya: A Case for Distinction. Available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/archives/pdfs/27-2pdfs/cornell.pdf

174^ Levesque, Jacques. Russia and the Muslim World: The Chechen Factor and Beyond. Available at: http://jeffersonhosting.info/projects/russia/node/136

175^ Mahapatra, Debidatta Aurobinda (2005): The Chechen Issue: Russia’s Case and International Terrorism. India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. Pp 233. Available at: http://iqq.sagepub.com/content/61/1/220.full.pdf+html

176^ Tumsoyev, Musa (August, 2002): The Russian – Chechen conflict after September 11, 2001. Prague Watchdog: Reporting on the conflict in the North Caucasus. Available at: http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000004-000003-000049&lang=1

177^ Michael A. McFaul (March 2003): U.S. Foreign Policy and Chechnya. A Joint Project on Domestic Politics and America’s Russia Policy, A Paper by The Century Foundation and The Stanley Foundation. Washington, pp 25. Available at: http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20280/US_Foreign_Policy_and_Chechnya.pdf

178^ Levesque, Jacques. Russia and the Muslim World: The Chechen Factor and Beyond. Available at: http://jeffersonhosting.info/projects/russia/node/136

179^ Levesque, Jacques. Russia and the Muslim World: The Chechen Factor and Beyond. Available at: http://jeffersonhosting.info/projects/russia/node/136

180^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 299. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/237208273/fulltextPDF?accountid=16531.

181^ Michael A. McFaul (March 2003): U.S. Foreign Policy and Chechnya. A Joint Project on Domestic Politics and America’s Russia Policy, A Paper by The Century Foundation and The Stanley Foundation. Washington, pp 25. Available at: http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20280/US_Foreign_Policy_and_Chechnya.pdf

182^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): pp 299.

183^ Michael A. McFaul (March 2003): U.S. Foreign Policy and Chechnya. A Joint Project on Domestic Politics and America’s Russia Policy, A Paper by The Century Foundation and The Stanley Foundation. Washington, pp 29. Available at: http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20280/US_Foreign_Policy_and_Chechnya.pdf

184^Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 221. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

185^ Brownfeld, Peter (March 2003): The Afghanisation of Chechnya. The International Spectator. Available at: http://www.iai.it/pdf/articles/brownfeld.pdf

186^Levesque, Jacques. Russia and the Muslim World: The Chechen Factor and Beyond. Available at: http://jeffersonhosting.info/projects/russia/node/136

187^ Hughes, James (Summer 2007): The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. Washington: Heldref Publication. Vol. 15, issue 3, pp 295. Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/237208273/fulltextPDF?accountid=16531

188^ Mahapatra, Debidatta Aurobinda (2005): The Chechen Issue: Russia’s Case and International Terrorism. India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. Pp 233. Available at: http://iqq.sagepub.com/content/61/1/220.full.pdf+html

189^ Shah, Anup (September 04, 2004): Crisis in Chechnya. Global Issues: Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affects Us All. Phase from Lindsey Hilsum, The conflict the west always ignores, New Statesman (January 26, 2004). Available at: http://www.globalissues.org/print/article/100#DoesAnyoneCareifRussianCampaignisBreedingTerrorists

190^ Нистен-Хаарала, Сойли: Чечня и Россия: общество и государство. Available at: http://www.sakharov-center.ru/chr/chrus18_1.htm

191^ Faurby, Ib: The Failure of Conflict Prevention and Management: The Case of Chechnya. Part II: International Reaction to the War. Available at: http://www.caucasus.dk/publication4.htm

192^ Faurby, Ib: International Law, Human Rights and the Wars in Chechnya. Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus. Pp 3. War. Available at: http://www.caucasus.dk/publication13.htm

193^ Ibid.: pp 3.

194^ Abraham, S (2001): Chechnya: Between War and Peace. A Legal Resource for the International Human Rights Community. Vol. 8: Issue. 2. Available at: http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/08/2chechnya.cfm

195^ Faurby, Ib: The Failure of Conflict Prevention and Management: The Case of Chechnya. Part II: International Reaction to the War. Available at: http://www.caucasus.dk/publication4.htm

196^ Faurby, Ib: International Law, Human Rights and the Wars in Chechnya. Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus. War. Pp 7. Available at: http://www.caucasus.dk/publication13.htm

197^ Furman, D. (March 2002): Russia, Chechnya and the international community. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, issue 20. Available at: http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=2411

198^ Faurby, Ib: International Law, Human Rights and the Wars in Chechnya. Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus. War. Pp 7. Available at: http://www.caucasus.dk/publication13.htm

199^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 78. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

200^ Vidino, L. (Spring 2006): The Arab Foreign Fighters and the Sacralization of the Chechen Conflict. The Fletcher School Online Journal for issues related to Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization. Available at: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/al_nakhlah/archives/spring2006/vidino.pdf

201^ Малашенко, А- Тренин, Д (2002): ВРЕМЯ ЮГА: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России. Москва-Гендальф, 2002, pp 108. Available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/pub-35864.pdf

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