Master of science

Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistance occurring when round object rolls on a flat surface which is mainly caused by deformation of the object or/and surface [4]. In our case, it is the tire deformation when rolling on road. The physical formula of Rolling Resistance (R_r) is calculated by

R_r = F_z (A₀ + A₁ F_z + A₂ / P) [5] (1.2)

Where:

P = inflation pressure

Figure 1.3 Grade Resistance of Vehicle [6]

Grade Resistance

Grade resistance is a simple form of resistance and it caused by the gravitational force acting on vehicles, especially when vehicles are climbing on road with a slope. The Grade resistance (R_g) is calculated by