Name: Social Studies Seven/PD: Chapter Nine/Part One – The Fall of the Federalist Party
Third President of the United States as he would have appeared in 1800 Picture taken years after he served as Secretary Chief Justice of the Supreme
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- 3. What is the “Free Market” theory of economics 4. What steps did Jefferson take immediately after being elected
- Pinckney Treaty
- EFFECTS: The purchase of the Louisiana Territory, known as the Louisiana Purchase
- Zebulon Pike
Third President of the United States as he would have appeared in 1800 Picture taken years after he served as Secretary Chief Justice of the Supreme Painting from 1800 of the Treasury Court 1801-1835 Review Questions 1. How did Jefferson reassure Americans after he was elected (and what particular words did he use)? 2. What is the “Laissez Faire” idea on government? 3. What is the “Free Market” theory of economics? 4. What steps did Jefferson take immediately after being elected? 5. What very important power did the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison guarantee for the Supreme Court? Name: ____________________________________ Social Studies Seven/PD: _____ Chapter Nine/Part Three – The U.S. Doubles in Size III. The United States Doubles in Size A. Western Farmers and the Mississippi River: By 1800, over one million American citizens lived in the lands won from Britain during the Revolutionary War – from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. The citizens living in this region, like most Americans, were farmers. The region between the mountains and the Mississippi, however, lacked something that American farmers needed badly – roads that connected them to the markets on the East Coast. Luckily for the farmers, the region had many rivers that flowed to the west and south into the Mississippi, and farmers depended on the Mississippi to transport their goods to markets on the East Coast. Farmers could send their crops down the Mississippi to New Orleans and from New Orleans to the East Coast by sea. Spain controlled New Orleans and threatened to cut off American shipments up and down the Mississippi from time to time. The threat of the loss of New Orleans as a shipping port for U.S. products was taken seriously by the United States Government. Washington had sent an agent (Thomas Pinckney) to New Orleans during his administration to find a way to keep the port open to American farmers. Pinckney succeeded and signed a treaty with Spain in 1795. Under the Pinckney Treaty, Spain allowed the U.S. to ship goods down the Mississippi and to store them in New Orleans before they were shipped to the East Coast. The treaty also settled the border between Spanish Florida and the United States. The problem of losing the Mississippi as a shipping route seemed to be over, but events in the early 1800’s were to prove otherwise. In Europe, Napoleon (Emperor of France) was using a huge French Army to conquer large portions of Europe. France was faced with an alliance of nations as enemies (including Great Britain), but Napoleon’s brilliant strategies produced victory after victory. Several European nations had already fallen to Napoleon and it seemed as if nothing could stop him. One nation that was invaded by Napoleon was Spain. Within a short time, his brother ruled Spain, which became a puppet nation to France. In 1800, Spain was forced to surrender New Orleans and the entire territory of Louisiana to France. News of Louisiana’s transfer back to France greatly alarmed Thomas Jefferson and other Americans. Jefferson knew that the United States Army and Navy could not stand against a large and hostile French force in the west. Fortunately for the U.S., any plans Napoleon had were ruined when the only large French force in the America’s was defeated by rebels on the island of Haiti and wiped out by disease. EFFECTS: The loss of Haiti meant that Napoleon had no base for supplies and soldiers in the Americas. With the British Navy in firm control of the Atlantic Ocean, retaking Haiti was not a realistic option. Napoleon believed that this would make Louisiana too difficult to control and abandoned his plans for the territory. Jefferson saw the French loss of Haiti in a different light. Perhaps France would be willing to sell Louisiana to the United States? The purchase of Louisiana would eliminate the threat of a European Empire on America’s western border and add valuable land to America (including control over the Mississippi River). B. The Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson wasted little time in acting on his concerns. He sent two men, Robert Livingston and James Monroe, to France with a proposal to buy New Orleans and Florida and allowed them to offer France up to ten million dollars. French Foreign Minister Talleyrand did not seem to be interested in the American’s offers at first. Napoleon, however, decided that France could not afford to send forces to America and that France was in desperate need of money to supply its enormous military. Much to their surprise, Talleyrand asked the Americans if they would be interested in buying all of Louisiana. Monroe and Livingston were shocked. Although they had no orders from Jefferson to buy Louisiana, they realized it was too great an opportunity to ignore. After several offers and long negotiations, the American representatives offered France fifteen million dollars for all of Louisiana. Both men were troubled by the fact that they had gone beyond Jefferson’s orders but believed that this would be overlooked when news of the purchase reached the United States. Livingston declared “From this day the United States (will) take its place among the powers of the first rank.” Livingston could not have been more correct. Jefferson was pleased by the purchase, but wondered if it was constitutional. The Constitution did not specifically give the President the power to purchase land and Jefferson was a believer in strict interpretation. After careful thought, Jefferson found a compromise. The President did have the power to make treaties with foreign nations and he asked Congress to accept the Louisiana Purchase as a treaty. Congress quickly approved and the United States took control of the territory in 1803. EFFECTS: The purchase of the Louisiana Territory, known as the Louisiana Purchase, doubled the size of the United States in a single day. Jefferson believed that it was enough land to give Americans room to expand for generations and guaranteed that the United States would remain a nation of independent farmers. Jefferson also knew that the land would provide many valuable resources over time. Americans began to dream of a United States that would stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Louisiana Purchase was the first step towards reaching this dream. C. Exploring the Louisiana Territory: Jefferson understood that the Louisiana Purchase was a great gain for the United States, but exactly what was out there was a question that nobody could answer. President Jefferson was intensely interested in finding out what the Louisiana Territory contained. In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to set aside money for an exploring expedition to go into the territory. He also selected his own private secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to head the expedition. Lewis selected William Clark, a soldier and capable explorer to help lead the expedition with him. After careful planning and preparation, the two men set off from St. Louis with 50 men and several boats. The “Corps of Discovery” planned to go up the Mississippi River and then west up the Missouri River and head for the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson had given Lewis and Clark several missions. The most important was to map the territory as best as possible and determine if there was a water route to the Pacific Ocean. They were also told to study the geography, weather, rainfall, plant life, animals, and Indians of the territory and to make detailed records (including drawings and maps) of as much as they could. Lewis and Clark were also given dozens of “friendship medals” to give the Indians. The medals did two things – they pledged peace and friendship to the Indians and announced that the United States was now in control of Indian lands. On a personal note, Jefferson begged Lewis to send him as many “samples” as possible. The journey to the Pacific and back took over two years. Only one man was lost and the Indians proved (for the most part) to be far from hostile. In fact, an Indian woman named Sacagawea from the Shoshone tribe traveled with them and saved the expedition several times by acting as an interpreter and preventing fights with nervous Indian tribes. Despite great hardships such as droughts, grizzly bear attacks, lack of food, blizzards, and mountain ranges, the expedition was a great success. EFFECTS: The Lewis and Clark Expedition did everything that Jefferson had wanted and more. Although disappointed by the news that there was no direct water route to the Pacific, Jefferson was delighted with the huge amount of information that the expedition produced about the land, animals, and Indians. Lewis and Clark provided valuable maps, soil samples, and information about rainfall that would help Americans settle the territory in the future. In addition, the expedition let the United States know where the Louisiana boundaries were to the north and south. Zebulon Pike continued the work of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1807. Pike concentrated on exploring to the southwest and actually went into Spanish territory where he was eventually captured by Spanish soldiers and escorted back into the United States. Although almost all of his maps and journals were taken by the Spanish, Pike managed to hide at least one map in his musket barrel. His journey provided valuable information about the southwest and Spanish strength in that region. Above all, both expeditions excited Americans and thousands began to push further west into these new territories (often without the permission of the European and Indian nations that controlled them). The United States began to expand and the population grew rapidly as new lands opened to settlement. News of huge areas of open land spurred hundreds of thousands of immigrants to come to the United States to begin new lives. 
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