National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme
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- 8.7.1Adhesives
- 8.7.2Other products
- 8.7.3Atmospheric monitoring during use of products
- 8.7.4Potential for exposure during use of products
8.7Trichloroethylene productsThe NICNAS industry survey identified 46 products containing trichloroethylene in use in Australia, including adhesives, electrical equipment cleaning solvents, metal degreasing solvents, waterproofing agents, paintstrippers, and carpet shampoos. Some data on uses of these products were obtained from the NICNAS industry survey and some were obtained from labels and technical bulletins. 8.7.1AdhesivesAdhesives are applied by brushing, dipping, roller coating or spraying. They may be diluted prior to application with trichloroethylene, xylene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, or other solvents, depending on the type of adhesive and processing methods employed by the individual users of the adhesives. Stirring and agitation of adhesive solutions prior to application is usually done to ensure dispersed solids are uniformly suspended. In some two-part systems, the parts are mixed prior to application. Pre-weighing of ingredients can occur if less than the full amounts are used. Methods for applying adhesives described in technical bulletins provided by companies for some of the products in use include applying the adhesive to one or both surfaces to be joined, air drying the coated parts at room temperature for 15 minutes to 2 hours, or in hot drying ovens or tunnels (up to 149ºC) for a shorter period, followed by contact bonding and curing. Six products used for the repair of rubber tyres were identified. They contain <60 to >90% trichloroethylene. They are used variously for hot and cold vulcanisation of patches to tyres, cleaning rubber prior to vulcanisation and for sealing tyre inner linings after buffing. No information was available on methods of application except for the rubber cleaning product, which is rubbed into the surface with a linen cloth prior to repair using adhesive products. This product is comprised of >90% trichloroethylene. Some information on work scenarios involving the use of adhesives was obtained from the NICNAS industry survey. The scenarios are outlined in Table 17. Table 17: Work scenarios in adhesive application
8.7.2Other productsNo end users of other products containing trichloroethylene responded to the industry survey, however some information on possible work scenarios was obtained from labels and technical bulletins, and from information supplied by some formulators of the products (one electrical solvent formulator, one paint stripper formulator and one formulator of waterproofing products) (see table 18). 8.7.3Atmospheric monitoring during use of productsAustralian data The NICNAS monitoring project referred to earlier in the section also included atmospheric and biological monitoring of workplaces using products containing trichloroethylene. The results are summarised in Table 19. The results of one personal sample taken by WorkCover in 1984 at a worksite using natural ventilation during adhesive spraying was made available. The result was 1.15 ppm. The monitoring duration was not specified.
Atmospheric monitoring data from a US automotive factory using trichloroethylene containing adhesives in the manufacture of fibrous and non-fibrous glass headliners were available. The adhesives were used in a cold lamination process to bond paper to foam core or fabric to cardboard core. After bonding, the cores were cold rolled, stacked to air dry and cut by a hot wire. Four area samples for trichloroethylene were collected with a sampling time of 5-6 hours. Concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 21.4 ppm, with the highest concentration recorded in the area where adhesive was used to coat paper with fabric.  
8.7.4Potential for exposure during use of productsProcedures which present a potential for inhalational exposure include transfer of solutions into containers in preparation for use, including pre-weighing and mixing or dilution of ingredient, and application of the products. Any agitation or heating of solutions, such as may occur in adhesive preparation and in dip cleaning, will increase vapour emission and the potential for exposure. Spraying may increase inhalational exposure through the release of spray mist into the air. Drying of film adhesives, which is accomplished by the evaporation of solvent, and heating processes used for contact bonding and curing, will release solvent into the air, and increase the potential for exposure. Accidental spills or splashes during transfer or application of the products present a potential for dermal exposure when open containers are used to hold products. Use of brushes to apply products poses a risk of splattering or dripping of the solution onto skin. Cloths used to apply solutions will present a potential for dermal exposure if they come into contact with the skin. Mixing and agitation increase the potential for dermal exposure. In addition, spraying of products containing trichloroethylene presents a potential for dermal absorption of spray droplets. The total exposure during use of trichloroethylene products was estimated from the monitoring data obtained in the NICNAS project and is shown in Table 20. Table 20 - Combined inhalational and dermal exposure during use of trichloroethylene products
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