General characteristics
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Age
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Age of the company is important
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All cases concern companies that are global from the start
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Technology intensity
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Although mentioned by some authors, it appears not to be relevant
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All cases represent companies with a high technology intensity
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International intensity
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Opportunity recognition and preparation take place in an international context
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See “Purpose” and Proposition 3
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Company size
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Most companies are small because of their young age
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See “Entrepreneurial nature” and Proposition 8
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Process
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Time to entry
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A global startup enters the market within a given number of years, or reaches a certain level of international activities within a given period
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International activities are already initiated in the startup (initiation) phase
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P1: The startup process and the globalisation process of a global startup are highly integrated and cannot be seen in isolation
P2: Global startups begin international activities even before the start of their actual operations
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Purpose
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To develop international activities
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The pursuit of opportunities leads the international activities
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P3: Global startups engage in international activities in pursuit of opportunities instead of achieving a competitive advantage directly
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Scope
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Strong focus on international sales
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Multiple value-creating activities across national borders
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P4: Global startups are involved in a wide range of formal and informal value-added activities across national borders
P5: Global startups use a variety of network entry modes
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Entry mode
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Different forms of formal and informal entry modes are used
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See “Scope” and Proposition 5
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Global diversity
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Important, but most studies do not include a measure for global diversity
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Global startups are globally rather than internationally active and follow the presence of opportunities
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P6: Global startups are active in a wide number of regions of the world
P7: Global startups internationalise their activities following the presence of opportunities
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Entrepreneurial nature
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Global startups show high levels of entrepreneurial orientation ; growth cannot always be measured by the number of personnel
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P8: Global startups are not necessarily high growth companies in terms of number of employees
P9: Global startups are characterised by relatively high levels of entrepreneurial orientation
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Entrepreneur
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Role of the entrepreneur
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The role of the entrepreneur is acknowledged, but as a factor influencing internationalisation
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Global startup entrepreneurs have (been in) contact with other countries and cultures either through work or study
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P10 : Global startups are typically founded by internationally skilled and confident entrepreneurs
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Network
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Role of the network
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Global startup companies rely on partners in its network with regard to (the acquisition of) resources from the start.
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P11: Global startups often rely on the relationship with strong partners
P12: Global startups are embedded in international networks from the start
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