Notes on African-American History Since 1900

1 ^{Harvey Wish, American Slave Insurrections Before 1861", The Journal of Negro History, XXII [July 1947] 299-320.}

2 ^{Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States [New York: Harper Colaphon Books, 1980] p.169.}

3 ^{Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South [New York: Oxford University Press, 1975], especially Chapter 5.}

4 ^{W.E.B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 [New York: Atheneum, 1973], especially Chapter 4.}

5 ^{Grant, Susan-Mary, History Today, September 1998, “Pride and Prejudice in the American Civil War” http://www.findarticles.com.Grant}

6 ^{Cornish, Dudley Taylor, The Sable Arm, Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, [University Press of Kansas, 1987] p. 108).}

7 ^{Cornish, Dudley Taylor, The Sable Arm, Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, [University Press of Kansas, 1987] p. 108).}

8 ^{Grant, Susan-Mary, History Today, September 1998, “Pride and Prejudice in the American Civil War” www.findarticles.com.Grant}

9 ^{Grant, Susan-Mary, History Today, September 1998, “Pride and Prejudice in the American Civil War” www.findarticles.com.Grant}

10 ^{Redkey, Edwin S. A Grand Army of Black Men, [Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1992] p. 7.)}

11 ^{Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troop in the Civil War 186201865. (Little, Brown, and Company 1998, p. 168).}

12 ^{Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troop in the Civil War 1862-1865. (Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1992, pg. 171).}

13 ^{Washington, Varsalle F., Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War, (University of Missouri Press, 1999. p. 59).}

14 ^{Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, black Troop in the Civil War 1862-1865, (Little, Brrown, and Company 1998. p. 249).}

15 ^{Taylor, Dudley. The Sable Arm Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, (University Press of Kansas, p. 168).}

16 ^{Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx, African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 & The Civil Wa, (Da Capo Press, 1994, p. 319-320)}

17^{Washington, F. Versalle, Eagles on Their Buttons a Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War, (University of Missouri Press, 1999, p. 38).}

18 ^{Washington, F. Versalle, Eagles on Their Buttons a Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War, (University of Missouri Press, 1999, p. 40).}

19 ^{Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troop in the Civil War 1862-1865, (Little, Brown, and Company 1998, p. 254).}

20 ^{Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troop in the Civil War 1862-1865, (Little, Brown, and Company 1998, p. 255).}

21 ^{Cornish, Dudley Taylor, The Sable Arm, Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, (University Press of Kansas, 1987).}

22 ^{Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx, African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 & The Civil War, (Da Capo Press, 1994).}

23 ^{Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx, African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 & The Civil War, (Da Capo Press, 1994).}

24 ^{Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harold, The African-American Odyssey [Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000] pp.259 -260.}

25 Ibid. p. 260

26 From Susan Altaian, The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage {New York: Facts on File Inc., 1997] p. 19. Also see: Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War [EnRland: Viking, 2005]

27 From Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harrold, African-American Odyssey pp 234-235

28 Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1853-1877 [New York: Harper and Row, 1988] p. 553-563

29 ^{Jacqueline Jones Royster (ed). Southern Horrors and other Writings: The Anti-Lynching. Campaign of Ida B Wells, 1892-1900 [Boston:Bedford Books, 1997] pp.10.}

30 ^{Martin Dann, “Black Populism: A Study of the Colored Farmers’ Alliance Through 1891”, The Journal of Ethnic Studies, Volume 2, Number 3, Fall, 1974, pp. 58071.}

31 ^{Ferald J. Bryan, Henry Grody or Tom Watson? [Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1994] pp 63-87}

32 ^{Gerald H. Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Movement [Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2005] pp 135-136}

33 ^{Alfreda M. Duster, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells [Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980]}

34 ^{Emma Lou Thombrough, T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist [Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1972] p. 370}

35 ^{Mary Frances Berry, My Face is Black is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations [New York: Alfred A. Knoff] p. 27}

36 ^{Ibid p. 28}

37 ^{Op. Cit., (Berry) p. 78}

38 ^{Mary Frances Berry, John W. Blassingame. Long Memory: The Black Experience in America [New York: Oxford University Press, 1982] pp.406.}

39 ^{Review by Michael Vorenberg “My Face is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Salve Reparations,” [NationTime, Summer 2008]p. 18}

40 ^{Ibid, P.18}

41 ^{Op. Cit., (Berry) p. 52}

42 ^{Walter R. Vaughan, Vauhgan’s A Freedman’s Pension Bill [Freeport, New York: Books For Libraries Press, 1971] pp.33.}

43 ^{Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle and Dan Georgakas, Encyclopedia of the American Left [New York: Oxford University Press, 1998] pp. 417-419}

44 ^{Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery [ ] and Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskagee, 1901-1915 [New York: Oxford University Press, 1983] pp 295-458}

45 ^{Jacqueline Jones Royster (ed.) Southern Horrors and other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900 [Boston: Bedford Books, 1997]}

46 ^{Lea E. Williams, Servants of the People, [New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1998] pp 4}

47 ^{Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters [New York: W. W. Norton & company, 1986] pp. 108-117}

48 ^{Edward W. Blyden, Christanity, Islam and The Negro Race [Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1991] pp. i-xv}

49 ^{Wilson, Jeremiah Moses, edited, introduction, Destiny and Race: Selected Writings, 1840-1898, Alexander Crumell [Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1992]}

50 ^{Amy Alexander, Fifty Black Women Who Changed America [Seaucus, NJ: A Birch Lane Press Book, 1999] pp. 35, 38}

51 ^{Edwin S. Redkey, Black Exodus [New Haven: Yale University Press] pp 24-46}

52 ^{John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography [Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961] pp xvi, introduction}

53 ^{Gale Ahrens (ed.) Lucy Parsons: Freedom, Equality and Solidarity: Writings and Speeches 1878-1937 [Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 2004] p. 169}

54 ^{W. E. B. DuBois, The autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois [New York: International Publishers, David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois: Biography of a Race: 1868-1919 [New York: A John MaCrae Book, 1993, David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 [New York: A John Macrae/Ciy Book, 2000]}

55 Elliot Rudwick, W.E.B. DuBois: Propagandist of Negro Protest [New York: Antheneum Press, 1972] p. 23

56 Ibid., p. 23

57 ^{Columbus Salley, The Black 100 [Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press, 1993] p. 19}

58 Henry Moon, The Emerging Thought of W.E.B. DuBois [New York: Simon and Shuster, 1972] p. 20

59 ibid., p. 22

60 Op. Cit. (Elliot Rudwick) p. 96

61 Ibid., p. 118

62 Edgar Toppin, A Biographical History of Blacks in America Since 1528 [New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1971] p. 285

63 Ibid., p. 285

64 ^{Stephen R. Fox, The Guardian of Boston: William Monroe Trotter [New York: Athenaeum, 1970] p. 140}

65 ^{Louise Daniel Hutchinson, Anne J. Cooper: A Voice from the South [Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982] p. 187}

66 ^{Carson Clayborne, Emma J. Lobsansky-Werner, Gray B. Nash, African-American Libes: The Struggle for Freedom [New York: A Lisa Drew Book, 2001] p. 231}

67 ^{A; Lelia Bundles On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker [New York: A Lisa Drew Book, 2001] p 231}

68 ^{Earl Ofari, A Black Radicalism in the 19th Century, Black Scholar Vol.5, No.5 [February, 1994], pp.5.}

69^{Florette Henri, Black Migration Movement North, 1900-1920 [Garden City, New York: Anchor Press Doubleday, 1975] pp.17}

70 ^{Amy Jacques Garvey, Garvey and Garveyism [New York:Collier Books, 1963] pp.40.}

71 ^{Interview with Queen Mother Audley Moore, New York, March 1975. (Queen Mother Moore joined the UNIA, Garvey Movement in New Orleans in 1919)}

72 ^{Robert Brisbane, The Black Vanguard [Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1970] pp.97.}

73 ^{Jeff Henderson, A. A.Philip Randolph and the Dilemmas of Socialism in the United States, 1917-1941, ARace and Class, No. XX, 2-pp.143.}

74 ^{Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership Politics and Culture in the Twentieth Century [Chapel Hall: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996] pp. 234-260}

75 p. 33

76 John G. Jackson, Hubert Henry Jackson, The Black Socrates [Austin: American Atheist Press, 1987] p. 4

77 J. A. Rogers, World’s Great Men of Color: Volume II [New York: MacMillan, 1947] p. 433

78 Ibid. p. 434

79 Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas (ed.) Encyclopedia of the American Left [Chicago: St. James Press, 1998] p. 292

80 Ibid. p. 4

81 Wilfred David Samuels, Five Voices in American Culture, 1917-1929: Hubert H. Harrison, Wilfred A. Domingo, Richard B. Moore, Cyril Briggs, and Claude McKay (Ph.D. The University of Iowa, 1977: Dissertation Abstracts International Volume: 38-07 unpublished) p. 54

82 Ibid. p. 61

83 Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas, Encyclopedia of the American Left [Chicago: St. James Press, 1992] p. 292

84 Op. Cit., (Winfred David Samuels) p. 67

85 Ibid., p. 70

86 Op. Cit., (Samuels) p. 73

87 Op. Cit., (John G. Jackson) p. 5

88 Op. Cit., (Samuels) p. 75

89 Op. Cit., (Rogers) p, 434

90 Wiiliam Seraile, “Ben Fletcher, I.W.W. Organizer, Pennsylvania History 46 (1979) p. 214

91 Ibid

92 ^{Op. Cit. (p. 217)}

93 ^{Peter Cole, Ben Fletcher: the Life and Times of a Black Wobbly [Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing company 2007] p. 9}

94 ^{Fellow worker Ben Fletcher a Legacy of Solidarity P. http://www.iww.org/culture/biography/benfletcher____}

95 ^{Op. Cit. (Cole), p. 19}

96 ^{Ben Fletcher, “The Task of Local 8 The Marine Transport Workers of Philadelphia”, printed in the Messenger 3 (October 1921): 262-63, from Peter Cole, Ben Fletcher: The Life and Times of a Black Wobbly [Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing company, 2007] p. 90}

97 ^{Ibid., p. 21}

98 ^{Op. Cit. (Servaile) p. 228}

99 ^{Op. Cit. (Cole) p. 30}

100 Will Haygood, “Keeping the Faith”, Winter 1998, American Legacy pp. 26

101 Martin Kilson, “Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: The Militant”, August Meier, ed., Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century, [Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982, p. 269]

102 Ibid, pg. 269

103 Charles H. Loeb, The Future is Yours [Cleveland, Ohio: Future Outlook League, May 1, 1947] pp. 82

104 Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement [Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1990] pp. 8

105 Dorothy C. Salem, The Journey: A History of the African American Experience [Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1997] pp. 298

106 Philip Foner, Organized Labor and the Back Worker, 1619-1981 [New York: International Publishers, 1982] p. 177

107 Ibid, p. 178

108 William Harris, Keeping the Faith: A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster and The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1925-1937) England: University of Illinois Press, 1977] p. 35

109 Op. Cit., (Philip Foner) p. 179

110 Op. Cit., (Philip Foner) p. 182

111 Ibid., p. 182

112 Ibid., p. 184

113 Ibid., (Foner)

114^{Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik [Chicago:Illinois Liberator Press, 1978] pp.123.}

115 ^{Scott Ellsworth, Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1982] and Michael D’Orso, Rosewood: Like Judgment Day [New York: Boulevard Books, 1996]}

116 ^{W. Burghardt Turner and Joyce Moore Turner (ed), Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Militant in Harlem: Collected Writings 1920-1972 [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988] pp 27-68}

117 ^{Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist [Chicago Illinois: Liberator Press, 1978] pp. 391-415}

118^{Theodore G. Vinent, Black Power and the Garvey Movement [San Francisco: Ramparts Press, 1971]}

119^{Ibid, pp.77.}

120^{Herbert Apthecker, ed., A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910 - 1932, Vol.II [Secaucus, New Jersey: The Citadel Press, 1973], pp.413 -420.}

121^{R. Halliburton, Jr., AThe Tulsa Race War of 1921, AJournal of Black Studies, Vol. 2, No.3 [March 1972], pp.333.}

122 ^{A Programme of the African Blood Brotherhood, The Communist Review, Vol.2, No. 6 [April 1922], pp.453 -454}

123 ^{Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik [Chicago: Liberator Press, 19078], pp.124.}

124 ^Ibid.

125 ^{Mark Maison, Marxism and Black Radicalism in America: The Communist Party Experience pamphlet.}

126^{Martin O. Ijere, W.E.B. BuBois and Marcus Garvey as Pan Africanists: A Study in Contrast, Prescence African, No. 89, 1st Quarterly 1974, pp.188-206.}

127 ^{Clarence Norris and Syril D. Washington, The Last of the Scottsboro Boys: An Autobiography [New York: A. P. Putnam’s Sons 1979] p. 17-63}

128 ^{Susan Altman, The Encyclopedia of African American Heritage [New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997] p. 183}

129 ^{Ibid, pp. 148, 149}

130 ^{Martin Duberman, Paul Roberson: A Biography [New York: The New Press, 1989] pp. 351-404}

131 ^{Ron Ramdin, Paul Robeson: The Man and his Mission (New York: Peter Owen Publishers) p. 31}

132 ^{Ibid., p. 32}

133 ^{Ibid., p. 30}

134 ^{Edwin Embree, Thirteen Against the Odds (Port Washington: The Viking Press, 1944) p. 248}

135 ^{Op. Cit. (Columbus Salley) p. 95}

136 ^{Ibid., p 97}

137 ^{Ibid., p. 95}

138 ^{Ibid., p. 95}

139 ^{Ibid., p96}

140 ^{Ibid., p. 96}

141 ^{Lloyd Brown, Paul Robeson Rediscovered (New York: The American Institute for Marxist Studies, 1976) p. 9}

142 ^{Bid., p. 14}

143 ^{Ibid., p. 14}

144 ^{Op. Cit., (Columbus Salley) p. 98}

145 ^{Joyce A. Hanson, Mary McLeod Bethune and Black women Political Activism [Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003] pp. 56-205}

146 ^{Karl Evenzz, The Messenger The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad [New York: Pantheon Books, 1999] pp. 73-112}

147 ^{Robert H. Brisbone, The Black Vanguard [Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1970] pp.137.}

148 ^{Louise D. Freeman, AJohn O. Holly and The Future Outlook League, Renaissance Magazine, February, 1990, pp.15 -18, Kimberley L. Phillips, Alabama North: African-American Migrants, Community and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915- 45 [Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999]}

149 James R. Hooker, Black Revolutionary

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