On substances that deplete the ozone layer
Options for existing Systems
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- Hydrocarbon retrofits
- 10.5 Concluding Remarks
- 10.6 References
10.4 Options for existing Systems
There are 12 blend refrigerants that are approved by the USEPA under the SNAP regulation for retrofit of CFC-12 systems (USEPA, 2013); however, many of these have seen only minimal use and some were never fully commercialized. Retrofit to HFC-134a was approved by the OEMs and was more commonly used if a retrofit was deemed appropriate. In a 2013 MAC survey about 6% of all cars were still operating with CFC-12 and about 10% of all cars had been retrofitted to HFC-134a (Atkinson, 2014). However, retrofitting of CFC-12 vehicles has declined significantly primarily due to the declining fleet of vehicles with CFC-12 MACs and in part due to the continued availability of reclaimed CFC-12. In the USA, the sale of CFC-12 is restricted only to certified technicians.
Retrofit of HFC-134a and CFC-12 systems to hydrocarbons is still occurring in various regions, particularly in Australia and to some extent in North America even though vehicle OEMs and some regulatory bodies do not approve of this process due to inadequate safety mitigation 10.5 Concluding RemarksCurrently, more than one refrigerant are being used for car and light truck air conditioning: HFC-134a will remain largely adopted worldwide, while HFC-1234yf is currently implemented in some models and likely will be used in more models in the near future. Development of R-744 continues and will also likely be used. Possibly some new low GWP synthetic refrigerant or refrigerant blend (e.g. R-445A) will also be used. In existing systems (designed for CFC-12 or HFC-134a), even hydrocarbons (e.g. HC-290) are used in some regions (e.g. Australia). At the moment, it cannot be foreseen whether or not all these refrigerants will remain for a long period of time parallel in the market. If the bus and train sector will follow these trends is also unclear. 10.6 ReferencesAndersen, 2013 Anderson, S.O., Baker J., Craig T., Kapoor S.H., 2013. The New Business Case For Secondary Loop Mobile AC Systems In Climates with High Fuel Prices and Long, Hot and Humid Cooling Seasons, ATA Mobile Air Conditioning and Thermal System Workshop, Turin 2013. ASHRAE 2013 ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. 2013. Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Atkinson, 2012 Atkinson, W., Hope, B., 2012. Service Issues Related to Using Blend Refrigerant in Mobile Air Conditioning Systems. SAE, TMSS, Scottsdale 2012. Atkinson, 2014 Atkinson, W., State of the Industry, MACS 2014 Event, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2014. Automot. News, 2013 Automotive News, 2013. 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