Open-source software stack



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Security issues


In March 2011, Google pulled 58 malicious apps from the Android Market, but not before the 58 apps were downloaded to around 260,000 devices.[126] These apps were malicious applications in the Android Market which contained trojans hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps.[127] The malware (called DroidDream) exploited a bug which was present in versions of Android older than 2.2.2.[128]Android device manufacturers and carriers work in tandem to distribute Android based updates and had not uniformly issued patches to their customers for the DroidDream exploit, leaving users vulnerable.[129] Google said the exploit allowed the apps to gather device specific information, as well as personal information. Within days, Google remotely wiped the apps from infected users and rolled out an update that would negate the exploits that allowed the apps to view information. They also announced that they would be resolving the issue to ensure that events like this did not occur again.[130] Security firms such as AVG and Symantec have released antivirus software for Android devices.

In August 2010, an SMS Trojan called Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer.a infected a number of mobile devices, according to security firm Kaspersky Lab. Disguised as a harmless media player application, the trojan, once installed sends out SMS text messages without the users knowledge or consent. According to Denis Maslennikov, Senior Malware Researcher at Kaspersky Lab, there's not an exact number of infected devices available at present, but the outbreak is currently regional. For now, only Russian Android users can actually lose money after installing the Trojan, but anyone can be infected.[131] Android users were advised not to use the Android web browser until Google issues a security patch. The Android Security Team responded and developed a fix on February 5th and patched Open Source Android two days later.


Marketing

Logos


The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[132]

Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[133]



Android logo


Typeface


The custom typeface of Android is called Norad, only used in the text logo.[134]

Market share


Research company Canalys estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide smartphone shipments.[135] By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market, becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android.[11]

In February 2010 ComScore said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartphone market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009.[136] By the end of Q3 2010 Android's U.S. market share had grown to 21.4 percent.[137]

In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[138] Furthermore, analysts pointed to advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[139]

In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitters. By mid-October, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countries.[140] For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see Android Market.

As of December 2010[update] Google said over 300,000 Android phones were being activated daily,[141] up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[142]

In February 2011, during the 2011 Mobile World Congress, Eric Schmidt announced that Android has reached 350,000 activations per day.[143]


Usage share


Data collected during two weeks ending on March 15, 2011

Data collected during two weeks ending on March 15, 2011 [144]



Platform

API Level

Distribution

Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)

11

0.2%

Android 2.3.3 (Gingerbread)

10

1.0%

Android 2.3 (Gingerbread)

9

0.7%

Android 2.2 (Froyo)

8

61.3%

Android 2.1 (Eclair)

7

29.0%

Android 1.6 (Donut)

4

4.8%

Android 1.5 (Cupcake)

3

3.0%

Linux compatibility

Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside the main Linux kernel tree.[145] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[146] However, support for the X Window System is possible.[147] Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux kernel as part of their Android effort, creating a separate version or fork of Linux.[148][149] This was due to a disagreement about new features Google felt were necessary (some related to security of mobile applications).[150] The code which is no longer maintained was deleted in January 2010 from the Linux codebase.[151]

Google announced in April 2010 that they will hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community.[152]

However, as of January 2011, points of contention still exist between Google and the Linux kernel team: Google tried to push upstream some Android-specific power management code in 2009, which is still rejected today.[153]

Furthermore, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.[154] Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android.[155]

Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents

On 12 August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that, "In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property."[156]

Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including United States Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class Files," and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled "Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions."[157] It also references United States Patent No. RE38,104, ("the '104 patent") entitled “Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated Code” authored by James Gosling, best known as the father of the Java programming language.[158]

In response Google submitted multiple lines of defense, saying that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik.[159][160][161]



The Free Software Foundation has called this suit a "clear attack against someone's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software."[162] However, the FSF also criticized Google, saying that Google could have avoided the suit by building Android on top of IcedTea, whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead of implementing it independently under the Apache License. The FSF wrote "It's sad to see that Google apparently shunned those protections in order to make proprietary software development easier on Android." and remarked that Google had not taken any clear position or action against software patents.

See also

  • Android Market

  • Android version history

  • Chromium OS

  • Google Chrome OS

  • List of Android devices

  • List of Android OS-related topics

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