Operating System Microsoft Windows 2000 tcp/ip implementation Details
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- Arp Tool
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PathPing ToolThe Pathping command is a route-tracing tool that combines features of the ping and tracert commands with additional information that neither of those tools provides. The Pathping command sends packets to each router on the way to a final destination over a given period of time, and then computes results based on the packets returned from each hop. Since the command shows the degree of packet loss at any given router or link, it is easy to determine which routers or links might be causing network problems. The switches –R –T can be used with Pathping to determine whether the devices on the path are 802.1p-compliant and RSVP-aware. The following example illustrates the default output when tracing the route to www.sectur.gov.ar [200.1.247.2] over a maximum of 30 hops: 0 warren.microsoft.com [163.15.2.217] 1 tnt2.seattle2.wa.da.uu.net [206.115.150.106] 2 206.115.169.217 3 119.ATM1-0-0.HR2.SEA1.ALTER.NET [152.63.104.38] 4 412.atm11-0.gw1.sea1.ALTER.NET [137.39.13.73] 5 teleglobe2-gw.customer.ALTER.NET [157.130.177.222] 6 if-0-3.core1.Seattle.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.37] 7 if-1-3.core1.Burnaby.Teleglobe.net [207.45.223.113] 8 if-1-2.core1.Scarborough.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.189] 9 if-2-1.core1.Montreal.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.121] 10 if-3-1.core1.PennantPoint.Teleglobe.net [207.45.223.41] 11 if-5-0-0.bb1.PennantPoint.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.94] 12 BOSQUE-aragorn.tecoint.net [200.43.189.230] 13 ARAGORN-bosque.tecoint.net [200.43.189.229] 14 GANDALF-aragorn.tecoint.net [200.43.189.225] 15 Startel.tecoint.net [200.43.189.18] 16 200.26.9.245 17 200.26.9.26 18 200.1.247.2 Computing statistics for 450 seconds: Source to Here This Node/Link Hop RTT Lost/Sent = Pct Lost/Sent = Pct Address 0 warren.microsoft.com [63.15.2.217] 0/ 100 = 0% | 1 115ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% tnt2.seattle2.wa.da.uu.net [206.115.150.106] 0/ 100 = 0% | 2 121ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% 206.115.169.217 0/ 100 = 0% | 3 122ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% 119.ATM.ALTER.NET [152.63.104.38] 0/ 100 = 0% | 4 124ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% 412.atm.sea1.ALTER.NET [137.39.13.73] 0/ 100 = 0% | 5 157ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% teleglobe2-gw.ALTER.NET [157.130.177.222] 0/ 100 = 0% | 6 156ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% if-0-3.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.37] 0/ 100 = 0% | 7 198ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% if-1-3.core1.Teleglobe.net [207.45.223.113] 0/ 100 = 0% | 8 216ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% if-1-2.core1. Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.189] 0/ 100 = 0% | 9 207ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% if-2-1.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.121] 0/ 100 = 0% | 10 220ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% if-3-1.core1.Teleglobe.net [207.45.223.41] 0/ 100 = 0% | 11 240ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% if-5-0-0.bb1.Teleglobe.net [207.45.222.94] 0/ 100 = 0% | 12 423ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1% BOSQUE-aragorn.tecoint.net [200.43.189.230] 0/ 100 = 0% | 13 412ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% ARAGORN-bosque.tecoint.net [200.43.189.229] 0/ 100 = 0% | 14 415ms 1/ 100 = 1% 1/ 100 = 1% GANDALF-aragorn.tecoint.net [200.43.189.225] 0/ 100 = 0% | 15 578ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% Startel.tecoint.net [200.43.189.18] 2/ 100 = 2% | 16 735ms 2/ 100 = 2% 0/ 100 = 0% 200.26.9.245 5/ 100 = 5% | 17 1005ms 8/ 100 = 8% 1/ 100 = 1% 200.26.9.26 0/ 100 = 0% | 18 1089ms 7/ 100 = 7% 0/ 100 = 0% 200.1.247.2 Trace complete. When Pathping is run, you first see the results for the route as it is tested for problems. This is the same path as that shown by the tracert command. The Pathping command then displays a busy message for the next 450 seconds (this time varies by the hop count). During this time, Pathping gathers information from all the routers previously listed and from the links between them. At the end of this period, it displays the test results. The two right-most columns—This Node/Link Lost/Sent=Pct and Address—contain the most useful information. The link between 200.26.9.245 (hop 16) and 200.26.9.26 (hop 17) is dropping 8 percent of the packets. The loss rates displayed for the links (marked as a | in the right-most column) indicate losses of packets being forwarded along the path. This loss indicates link congestion. The loss rates displayed for routers (indicated by their IP addresses in the right-most column) indicate that those routers’ CPUs might be overloaded. Congested routers can also be a factor in end-to-end problems.
Route ToolRoute is used to view or modify the route table. Route print displays a list of current routes known by IP for the host. Sample output is shown in the IP section of this document. Note that in Windows 2000 the current active default gateway is shown at the end of the list of routes. Route add adds routes to the table. Route delete removes routes from the table. Routes added to the table are not made persistent unless the -p switch is specified. Nonpersistent routes last only until the computer is rebooted. For two hosts to exchange IP datagrams, they must both have a route to each other, or they must use a default gateway that knows of a route. Normally, routers exchange information with each other by using a protocol such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Silent RIP is available for Windows 2000 Professional, and full routing protocols are supported by Windows 2000 Server in the Routing and Remote Access service.
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