Position: 0°N 156°E
Categories:
Air-Sea Flux reference site (at present)
observatory: meteorology and physical (at present), biogeochemical (add the function in future)
Safety distance for ship operations: 2 miles same as for TAO moorings
Short description:
One of the 16 TRITON sites in the western Pacific.
surface meteorological sensors: wind vector, shortwave radiation, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, rain rate
subsurface sensors:
temperature and conductivity (1.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750m)
pressure (300m, 750m)
current vector (10m)
Sampling rate: every 10 min (except current meter of 20 min)
Start date of the timeseries, service interval: 17 March 1998, once per year
Scientific rationale:
The scientific objectives are to elucidate the processes of heat and fresh water flux in the center of western Pacific warm water pool. It is consists of ENSO monitoring TAO/TRITON array.
In future, the buoy at this site will be used for high precision measurement of SST to validate the satellite products.
It will be also utilized for measuring partial pressure timeseries of CO2 in the water for a study of carbon flux.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:
JAMSTEC/ Kentaro Ando/ Japan/ Principal Investigator
JAMSTEC/Syuich Watanabe/ Japan/ CO2 (now being tested)
Tohoku University/ Hiroshi Kawamura/ Japan/ Varidation of high resolution satellite SST product
Status:
Operating
The site to be maintained at least until 20013 under the JAMSTEC 5-year implementation plan.
Funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology.
Technology:
surface mooring
real-time telemetry
SST measurements: SBE 37-IM, Sea Bird Electronics, at 1.5 m depth on the cradle of surface float
Data policy:
real-time data:
wind vector, relative humidity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure (on GTS and web)
temperature (1.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750m) (on GTS and web)
shortwave radiation(to be appeared on web)
current vector (10m) (to be appeared on web)
delayed mode data: rain rate (because of large data quality variance)
Data management:
Satellite data collection system :ARGOS
Real-time data processing and distribution system : GTS through French ARGOS global processing center
Metadata scheme :
The real-time raw data are received via ARGOS center.
After real-time QC, including visual inspection, hourly data of each sensor are merged as an ascii metadata with in site by site.
When post-calibration of sensors has been done after 1-year mooring, we correct data applying calibration result and make hourly delayed metadata.
Societal value / Users / customers:
Monitoring ocean and atmosphere changes/ meteorological and oceanographic institutions/ researchers
Role in the integrated global observing system: Part of ENSO observing system, Part of Global surface moored buoy arrays
Contact Person: Kentaro Ando
Links / Web-sites:
for Project information : http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/index.html
for data access :
The standard data from Indian TRITON buoys can be seen from TRITON home page. http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/real_time/html/index.html
Choose 0,156E.
Compiled by: Kentaro Ando (April, 2009)
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Site: Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO)
Project Name: NOAA PMEL Ocean Climate Stations
Position: Nominally 32.4°N 144.6°E (Anchor position can vary by 10 nm depending upon deployment.
Watch-circle radius is 3nm. Please see position time series for more exact location of buoy.)
On southern side of the Kuroshio Extension, in the recirculation gyre.
Categories: Air-Sea Flux, Observatory; meteorological, physical, biogeochemical
Safety distance for ship operations: 5 nm (9 km)
Short description:
1 surface buoy with slackline (reverse catenary) mooring
Variables measured :
Surface: wind speed and direction (from a sonic anemometer), air temperature, relative humidity, rain, shortwave and longwave radiation, 1m sea surface temperature and salinity, barometric pressure, air and sea surface water pCO2, and O2.
Subsurface temperature at nominal depths of 10m, 15m, 25m, 35m, 50m, 75m, 100m, 125m, 150m, 175m, 225m, 275m, 325m, 375m, 425m, 475m, 525m
Subsurface salinity at nominal depths 10m, 25m, 35m, 50m, 75m, 125m, 150m, 225m, 325m, 425m, 525m
Subsurface ocean pressure (for remapping to nominal depths) at nominal depths 100m, 175m, 275m, 375m, 475m
Ocean currents at: 5m, 15m, 35m
All physical measurements are recorded at least every 10 minutes. Biogeochemical measurements are recorded every 3 hours.
Start date of the time series: 16th June 2004 (some measurements begin later than this)
Service interval: once per year
Scientific rationale:
As with other western boundary currents, the North Pacific's western boundary current has some of the largest air-sea fluxes found in the entire basin. It is one of the largest sinks of carbon in the North Pacific, has the characteristic maxima lobes of latent, sensible, and net surface heat loss, and is co-located with the Pacific storm track. The Kuroshio Extension (KE) current carries warm water at nearly 140 million cubic meters per second (140 Sv) eastward into the North Pacific. Wind driven Sverdrup transport accounts for about a third of this transport; the other 90 Sv is due to a tight recirculation gyre whose size varies on seasonal-decadal time scales. As cold dry air comes in contact with the warm KE and recirculation water, heat and moisture are extracted from the surface, resulting in deep convection (both in the atmosphere and ocean) and rainfall. Surface cooling and biological production lower the surface water CO2 concentrations driving a net uptake. In late winter, surface water in the KE recirculation region is subducted into the permanent thermocline, forming Subtropical Mode Water, and sequestering carbon. Large dust clouds blowing eastward off Asia are visible in satellite images and can be traced all the way across the Pacific. Macro- and micro-nutrients, including iron, from the dust clouds can affect biological production and therefore may play an important role in the North Pacific carbon cycle. The KEO surface mooring is located south of the KE jet, in the KE recirculation gyre. The JAMSTEC Kuroshio Extension Observatory (JKEO) surface mooring is located in the mixed waters north of the KE front and south of the Oyashio front. Together, the KEO and JKEO moorings provide important in situ time series for assessing air-sea flux products and for understanding the processes affecting and resulting from the ocean-atmosphere exchanges in this dynamic region.
Groups / P.I.s /labs /countries involved / responsible:
Dr. Meghan Cronin NOAA / PMEL (KEO lead)
Mr. Christian Meinig NOAA / PMEL (KEO Lead Engineer)
Dr. Christopher Sabine NOAA / PMEL (KEO Lead Carbon Scientist)
Status:
operating
time horizon / long-term plans: Long-term
funded
Technology:
Moored / autonomous sensors
real-time telemetry: Hourly surface meteorological and subsurface physical data are transmitted via Iridium, and daily-averaged surface and spot surface data are transmitted via ARGOS. At present, only ARGOS real time data are released. We expect the Iridium real time data to become the primary telemetry system beginning September 2009. Carbon has daily transmissions of 3-hour measurements via Iridium.
SST measurement: self-contained sensor attached to bridle at 1m below surface
Profile measurements: Sensors are attached to slackline mooring (pressure sensors should be used to remap observations onto nominal depths).
Data policy:
real-time data: All data are public from primary telemetry system.
delayed mode data: High-resolution data will be made public within 6 months of recovery.
Data management:
Data Assembly Center (DAC): All data accessible through www.pmel.noaa.gov/keo/data.html. Carbon data available from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).
Satellite data collection system: Argos and Iridium (physical data), Iridium (carbon data)
Real-time data processing and distribution system: PMEL realtime processing, QA and web distribution. Since June 2005, distribution via GTS (limited to data telemetered via Argos) as well. WMO number 28401 reflects status as a time series reference site.
Metadata scheme: see website
Possibilities of evolution to comply with a more general JCOMM GTS scheme: in compliance
Societal value / Users / customers:
Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) users include the research community, weather and climate forecasting communities, and satellite and numerical weather prediction products assessments communities.
Role in the integrated global observing system:
The KEO mooring serves as an air-sea heat and carbon flux reference site and as an observatory for the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwest Pacific. KEO is supported by the NOAA Office of Climate Observations as an element of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Its carbon observations make KEO a key element of the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program, and international Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) programs.
Contact Person:
for information about the site or data: Meghan Cronin (Meghan.F.Cronin@noaa.gov)
for information about the carbon component: Chris Sabine (Chris.Sabine@noaa.gov)
for enquiry about possible ancillary measurements during cruises to the site:
Hiroshi Ichikawa (ichikawah@jamstec.go.jp)
Links / Web-sites:
for Project information: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/keo/
for data access: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/keo/data.html
for information on carbon system: http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/moorings/
for information about the JKEO site: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/iorgc/ocorp/ktsfg/data/jkeo/
Compiled by: Meghan Cronin (February 2009)
 Figure 1: KEO (square) and JKEO (diamond) sites shown in relation to the NCEP-2 climatological JFM latent heat flux (shaded) and mean sea surface height from Teague et al. (1990) (contours). Latent heat flux contour intervals are 20 Watts per meter squared. Sea surface height contour intervals are 10 centimeters. The sea surface height contours can be interpreted as surface geostrophic streamlines of flow.
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Figure 2: Daily-averaged KEO surface meteorological (left column) and subsurface physical (right column) data.
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