Pakarab fertilizers limited multan



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Field Instrumentation
Faulty Sensing Lines
Faulty sensing lines create inaccurate readings and totally misrepresent the actual pressure, When the pressure lines become partially blocked, the dynamic response of the sensor is naturally reduced and it will have a slow response to change in pressure. Depending on the severity of the blockage, the sensor could even retain an incorrect zero or low reading, long after the change in vessel pressure. A cracked or punctured sensing line has the characteristic of consistently low readings. Sometimes, there can be detectable downswings of pressure followed by slow increases.
Loss of Loop Electrical Power
As with any instrument that relies on AC power, the output of the DP Transmitters will drop to zero or become irrational with a loss of power Supply.


51 Field Instrumentation GEN Rev)

3. FLOW

OBJECTIVES:

Upon Completion of this topic one should be able to understand

1. Concept of flow and its related terms
2. Direct and Indirect flow measurement
3. Flow measurement through displacement
4. Flow measurement using differential pressure
5. Velocity Flow Meters
6. Mass Flow Meters
7. State the effect on the flow measurement in process with Abnormalities Vapor formation in the throat, clogging if throat by Foreign material, Leaks in HI or LO pressure sensing lines













52 Field Instrumentation GEN Rev)
3.1 Flow Definition

Flow is defined as the volume of material that passes a specific place in a specified time interval. Units of flow are gallons per minute (gpm), cubic feet per second (ft3/s), tons per hour (t/h) and soon.

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