In fact, the existence of such aright has been tested legally and, so far, has been found to be nonexistent. In the United States it has been indirectly challenged a number of times via constitutional challenges to voter purge statutes. Almost all have been unsuccessful including one that explicitly argued that voter purge statutes violate the right not to vote and thereby express political dissatisfaction.Similarly, in 1971, a case against compulsory voting was heard in the European Court of Human Rights under Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (freedom of thought, conscience and religion').47 In the case of Xv Austria the Court ruled that, provided there was no compulsion to mark the ballot formally, compulsory