21st Century Grammar Handbook



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21st century grammar
21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar
P
RONOUNS
Words that stand in place of nouns are called “pronouns.” There are eight kinds of

pronouns, explained in further detail in the entries on pronouns and each individual variety of them demonstrative, inde nite, intensi er, interrogative, personal pronoun,
reciprocal pronoun, reflexive pronoun, and relative pronoun.
V
ERBS
Words or groups of words that express actions, conditions, or the like are called
verbs. In the previous sentence there are two verbs express and “are.” By changing their form, verbs indicate the number and person of subjects acting or existing—how many people or things are involved, and whether they are you, me, or them. Verbs also show the time when things happened (tense), whether the action was or could be extended to an object (voice), and the speaker’s attitude, intent, or purpose
(mood). Please seethe various entries on all these aspects of verbs for more details and examples.
Passive. There are two voices in English, active and passive. The active voice de nes sentences in which action is transmitted directly or implicitly to another thing or person, an object: The artist paints pictures. The artist paints Both verbs are active,
though with the second no object is stated directly.
When the sentence subject is the recipient of the action, and an agent of the action is stated directly in a prepositional phrase (or implied, the sentence is said to be in the passive voice The picture was painted by the artist. The picture was slashed.”
Both verbs in these examples are passive.
A universal rule of usage and grammar books is that the passive should not be overused or should be avoided altogether. The thinking behind this rule is that passives are less forceful because action is indirect, because subject and agent are not as closely and clearly connected as in the “normar” sentence pattern (active:
subject, verb, object, and because many passive sentences together create an impression of inaction or blandness. Such thinking is justi ed to some degree,
although the rule itself should not be overused anymore than passive voice should.
There are places and moments for passive constructions—for emphasis, variety of word order, and intentional removal or obscuring of a sentence’s agent or subject.

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