21st Century Grammar Handbook



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21st century grammar
21st century grammar, transformation, transformation, - - - .pdf;filename*= UTF-8''অনুবাদ চর্চা (প্রথম আলো পত্রিকা থেকে-২৯-০৩-২০২০)-1, 21st century grammar
Appraise, apprise. These near-homonyms (soundalikes) are often confused.
“Appraise” means to estimate a value of something. Apprise means to inform or keep informed.
Apprise. See appraise.
Arabic. There are many systems for representing Arabic language words in English letters. Consult a reliable source book or the style guide in force for your audience to be sure of the preferred method for rendering such names as “Qadda ” (“Gadda ,”
“Quada ,” “Kada ”) and Koran (“Quran,” etc. If someone has expressed a preference that his or her name be spelled a certain way, that request should take precedence over any rule or style book.
Some gures from the Arab world’s past and some places have been given Western names or versions of their names that have become accepted in English Avicenna
(“ibn-Sina” in Arabic) and Mecca (“Makka”). The choice of which form to use depends on your audience’s expectations—you might abandon the common English form for the Arabic when writing for Arabic specialists, nationals, or the like.
Capitalization, punctuation, and other grammatical concepts are also represented in di erent ways in di erent systems of transliteration that bear greater or lesser resemblance to Arabic originals, depending on one’s writing purpose and point of view. Some systems represent sound rather accurately, while others strive for letter- by-letter accuracy, and soon. All systems struggle with the accents (also called
“diacritical marks) that represent breathing points and sounds in Arabic. Some transliterations become quite complex and are suitable only for scholarly writing or linguistic treatises. Others simply omit this important feature of the languages.
Whatever you choose or need to use, be consistent and sensitive to your audience’s need for authenticity versus visual or graphic complexity. See languages.


Are. The second-person singular and rst-, second, and third-person plural present
tense of “be”: we are you (singular or plural) are they are You are reading.”
Also see agreement, auxiliary, conjugation, number, and person.
Are, our. In some speech dialects these words sound more like each other than in others. But they are still commonly confused by writers who might not say or hear them as the same. The rst is a verb form of “be” (second-person singular and all forms of the plural present tense), while the second is a possessive pronoun ( rst- person plural): Are our homes in danger we asked.”

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