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Table 1.

Characteristics of Physical Communities, with Representative Authors.

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Borders/wholeness/exclusion of others (Kolko, 1998; Meyrowitz, 1997; Sanders, 1966)/(König, 1968)/(Etzioni, 2001; Jacobs, 1961)

Background and memory (Bellah et al., 1985; Dirksen & Smit, 2002; Morgan, 1942)

Crisscrossing, interpersonal bonds, (Morgan, 1942; Poplin, 1979; Tönnies, 1957; Walls, 1993)

Equality (Nisbet, 1966)

Face-to-face communication (Beniger, 1987)

High social influence on human action (Beniger, 1987; Calhoun, 1980)

Identity in common (Cobb, 1996; Etzioni, 2001; Sennett, 1971; Suttles 1972; Wenger, 1998)

Information driven (Meyrowitz, 1985; 1989)

Intimacy ties/sentiment (Etzioni, 2001; Kolko, 1998; Maffesoli, 1996a; Merton, 1946; Morgan, 1942; Sclove, 1995; Tönnies, 1957)

Involuntary participation of members (Ahlbrandt, 1984)

Needs in common (Edwards & Jones, 1976; Morgan, 1942)

Organization/civic engagement (Calhoun, 1980; Cobb, 1996; Edwards & Jones, 1976; Etzioni, 2001; König, 1968; Putnam, 2000)

Requires embodied selves (Kolko, 1998; Nisbet, 1966)

Sameness (Jacobs, 1961; Sennett, 1971)

Small in size (Beniger, 1987, Coleman, 1954; Morgan, 1942)

Stability/sustained interaction among members (Coleman, 1986; Sclove, 1995)

Trust/sincerity (Giddens, 1994; Merton, 1946)

Values (Morgan, 1942; Schmalenbach, 1977; Tönnies, 1957)

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Table 2.

Characteristics of Community, When Also or Only Online.

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A. Additional characteristics of communities when they exist online

Absence of institutional authority (Steinmueller, 2002; Sternberg, 2001)

Based in information exchange (Carey, 1993; Steinmueller, 2002; Walls, 1993)

Characterized by links more so than relationships (Steinmueller, 2002

Common interest (Wellman, 1971, 1999)

Emerge from technology (Rheingold, 2000)

Reconfiguring the nature of physical communities (Meyrowitz, 1985, 1989, 1997)

Self-organized (Dirksen & Smit, 2002; Katz & Rice, 2002)

Voluntary participation by members (Ahlbrandt, 1984; Steinmueller, 2002)

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B. Novel characteristics of virtual community ^a

Group-specific meanings/norms (Putnam, 1993) - (Baym, 1995)

Informal conversation (Coleman, 1986) - (Rheingold, 2000)

Interpersonal bonds (Etzioni, 2001) - (Baym, 1995)

Mediated “generalized other” (Meyrowitz, 1985, 1994)

Purpose in common (Putnam, 1993; Slevin, 2000; Tönnies, 1957; Wenger, 1998) - (Baym, 1995; Rheingold, 2000)

Reciprocity (Giddens, 1994; Putnam, 1993) - (Wellman & Gulia, 1999)

Sense of belonging/community feeling (Anderson, 1983; Morgan, 1942; Tönnies, 1957) - (Dirksen & Smit, 2002; Wellman, 2001)

Spontaneous formation (Morgan, 1942; Suttles, 1972) - (Rheingold, 2000; Katz & Rice, 2002)

Supported by meaningful communication (Poster, 2001; Sanders, 1966) – (Rice, 1987; Turkle, 1995; Walls, 1993; Wenger, 1998)

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^a The first analyst(s) after each characteristic emphasized that characteristic in physical community; analyst(s) after a dash emphasized the characteristic in the virtual context.

Figure One.

Two dimensions and four conceptualizations, with associated researchers, of community

y-axis: subjective

Suttles Meyrowitz K Synthesis and Social Capital olko Carey Castells Sanders	- Person Oriented Jones Ahlbrandt - Private Fortunati - Impersonal Links Turkle - Common Interest - Voluntary Steinmueller - No Authority - Self-Organized Kiesler - Organic - Informal Conversation - Group Meanings Etzioni Stone - Interpersonal Relations Wellman - Meaningful Communication Poster
Putnam Walls Coleman Sennett Cobb Calhoun König Giddens Sclove Putnam Hillery Bellah Arensberg Jacobs Park Schmalenbach Tönnies Morgan	- Spontaneous - Common Beliefs/Practices Wenger - Common Purpose Slevin Baym - Reciprocity - Sense of Belonging - Moral Poplin Nisbet - Trust - Intimacy/Sentiment Maffesoli Katz & Rice - Civic Involvement - Interpersonal Bonds Rheingold - Commonness Dirksen - Patterned Behavior - Exclusion - Small - Involuntary - Mechanical - Community Oriented Nancy