Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 154.pdf

Abstract: Cr(III)-intercalated montmorillonite was utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of the organic pollutant, Supranol Yellow 4GL, a synthetic dye used for chemical fibres. The material was prepared by the reaction of Na montmorillonite with a base-hydrolyzed solution of Cr nitrate salt (OH⁻/Cr³⁺ molar ratios of 2). XRD data showed that the interlayer spacing (d₀₀₁) of montmorillonite was increased from 12.35 to 23.06 Å. The kinetics and mechanism of the adsorption of the acid dye, Supranol Yellow 4GL, on Cr(III)-intercalated montmorillonite was investigated. The equilibrium time was reached within 30 min. The process follows pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. The Langmuir isotherm described the adsorption data over the concentration range (20–160 mg/l). The separator factor R_L revealed the favourable nature of this adsorption process. Also, the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔS°, ΔH°, ΔG° were determined.

Keywords: Acid Dye, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Chemical, Concentration, Data, Dye, Equilibrium, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Mechanism, Modified Clay, Montmorillonite, Nitrate, Organic, Organic Pollutant, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Rate, Rate Kinetics, Removal, Salt, Solution, Supranol Yellow 4GL, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, XRD

? Mittal, A. (2006), Adsorption kinetics of removal of a toxic dye, Malachite Green, from wastewater by using hen feathers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 196-202.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 196.pdf

Abstract: The paper includes meticulous utilization of hen feather as potential adsorbent to remove a hazardous triphenylmethane dye, Malachite Green from wastewater. The adsorption studies were carried out at 30, 40 and 50 °C and effects of pH, temperature, amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of adsorbate, etc. on the adsorption were measured. On the basis of adsorption data Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were also confirmed. The adsorption isotherm constants thus obtained were employed to calculate thermodynamic parameters like Gibb’s free energy, change in enthalpy and entropy. The paper also incorporates systematic kinetic studies of the ongoing adsorption process and a first order adsorption kinetics was found to be operative during the adsorption. The specific rate constants at different temperatures were found to be dependent upon the concentration of the dye. The adsorption was found to operate via film and particle diffusion process in the higher and lower concentration ranges, respectively.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Models, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Process, Concentration, Data, Diffusion, Dye, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, First, First Order, Freundlich, Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm, Hen Feather, Hen Feathers, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Langmuir, Malachite Green, Malachite-Green, Models, Operative, Particle Diffusion, pH, Potential, Rate Constants, Removal, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Toxic, Triphenylmethane, Triphenylmethane Dye, Utilization, Wastewater

? Martínez, M., Miralles, N., Hidalgo, S., Fiol, N., Villaescusa, I. and Poch, J. (2006), Removal of lead(II) and cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions using grape stalk waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 203-211.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 203.pdf

Abstract: The sorption of lead and cadmium from aqueous solutions by grape stalk waste (a by-product of wine production) was investigated. The effects of the contact time, pH of the solution, ionic medium, initial metal concentration, other metal ions present and ligands were studied in batch experiments at 20 °C. Maximum sorption for both metals was found to occur at an initial pH of around 5.5. The equilibrium process was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum grape stalk sorption capacities of 0.241 and 0.248 mmol g⁻¹ for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively, at pH around 5.5. Kinetic studies showed good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The presence of NaCl and NaClO₄ in the solution caused a reduction in Pb and Cd sorption, the latter being more strongly suppressed. The presence of other metals in the uptake process did not affect the removal of Pb, while the Cd uptake was much reduced. HCl or EDTA solutions were able to desorb lead from the grape stalks completely, while an approximately 65% desorption yield was obtained for cadmium. From the results obtained it seems that other mechanisms, such as surface complexation and electrostatic interactions, must be involved in the metal sorption in addition to ion exchange.

Keywords: Aqueous Solutions, Batch, Batch Experiments, Biomaterials, Biosorption, Cadmium, Cadmium(II), Cd, Cd(II), Complexation, Concentration, Correlation, Desorption, Edta, Equilibrium, Experiments, Grape Stalk, Heavy Metals, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Studies, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Lead, Lead(II), Low-Cost Sorbents, Mechanisms, Metal, Metal Ions, Metal Sorption, Metals, Model, NaCl, Pb, Pb(II), pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Reduction, Removal, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Surface, Surface Complexation, Uptake, Waste

? Bekçi, Z., Seki, Y. and Yurdakoç, M.K. (2006), Equilibrium studies for trimethoprim adsorption on montmorillonite KSF. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 233-242.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 233.pdf

Abstract: In this study, the adsorption of trimethoprim (TMP) on montmorillonite KSF was studied under different conditions (pH, ionic strength, temperature). The results indicate that a pH value of 5.04 is optimum value for the adsorption of TMP on KSF. The adsorption kinetics was interpreted using pseudo-first-order kinetic model, pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intraparticle diffusion model. The pseudo-second-order model provides the best correlation with the experimental data of KSF adsorption. The adsorption data could be fitted with Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich equation to find the characteristic parameters of each model. It was found that linear form of Langmuir isotherm seems to produce a better model than linear form of Freundlich equation. From the Langmuir and Freundlich equation, the adsorption capacity values raised as the solution temperature decreased. From DR isotherm, it was also determined that the type of adsorption can be considered as ion-exchange mechanism. Determination of the thermodynamic parameters ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰ and ΔG⁰ showed that adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. It was also added that adsorption of TMP by KSF may involve physical adsorption.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Capacity, Correlation, Data, Diffusion, Diffusion Model, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Studies, Exothermic, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Equation, FT-IR, Intraparticle Diffusion, Intraparticle Diffusion Model, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Ionexchange, Ionic Strength, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Mechanism, Model, Montmorillonite, pH, pH Value, Physical, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, Solution, Strength, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Trimetophrim, Value

? Wang, S.B., Soudi, M., Li, L. and Zhu, Z.H. (2006), Coal ash conversion into effective adsorbents for removal of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 243-251.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 243.pdf

Abstract: Fly ash was modified by hydrothermal treatment using NaOH solutions under various conditions for zeolite synthesis. The XRD patterns are presented. The results indicated that the samples obtained after treatment are much different. The XRD profiles revealed a number of new reflexes, suggesting a phase transformation probably occurred. Both heat treatment and chemical treatment increased the surface area and pore volume. It was found that zeolite P would be formed at the conditions of higher NaOH concentration and temperature. The treated fly ash was tested for adsorption of heavy metal ions and dyes in aqueous solution. It was shown that fly ash and the modified forms could effectively absorb heavy metals and methylene blue but not effectively adsorb rhodamine B. Modifying fly ash with NaOH solution would significantly enhance the adsorption capacity depending on the treatment temperature, time, and base concentration. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue would increases with pH of the dye solution and the sorption capacity of FA-NaOH could reach 5×10⁻⁵mol/g. The adsorption isotherm could be described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. Removal of copper and nickel ions could also be achieved on those treated fly ash. The removal efficiency for copper and nickel ions could be from 30% to 90% depending on the initial concentrations. The increase in adsorption temperature will enhance the adsorption efficiency for both heavy metals. The pseudo second-order kinetics would be better for fitting the dynamic adsorption of Cu and Ni ions.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous Solution, Basic Dyes, Capacity, Chemical, Coal, Concentration, Copper, Cu, Dye, Dyes, Dynamic, Efficiency, Fly Ash, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heat-Treatment, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy Metals, Isotherm, Isotherm Equations, Kinetics, Langmuir, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Methylene Blue, Modified, NaOH, Nickel, P, pH, Profiles, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Removal Efficiency, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine-B, Second Order, Second Order Kinetics, Second-Order, Second-Order Kinetics, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Surface, Surface Area, Synthesis, Temperature, Transformation, Treatment, Volume, Wastewater, XRD, Zeolite

? Wen, D.H., Ho, Y.S. and Tang, X.Y. (2006), Comparative sorption kinetic studies of ammonium onto zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 252-256.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 252.pdf

Abstract: The sorption kinetics of ammonium onto three types of zeolite, natural zeolite, natural zeolite covered by biofilm and ammonium-bearing zeolite covered by biofilm, at two particle sizes were studied. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models were fitted to the results by a non-linear method. The batch sorption model, based on a pseudo-second order mechanism, was applied to predict the rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium capacity and the initial sorption rate. Ion exchange between NH₄⁺ and cations in the zeolite increased with decreasing particle size of the zeolite. Biofilm covered on the zeolite did not affect the ion exchange for the smaller particle size but decreased the ion exchange capacity by 22% for the larger particle size. In addition, bioregeneration should be considered for the recovery of ion exchange capacity of the bio-zeolite made from ammonium-bearing zeolite by the microorganisms in the biofilm, 78.0 and 63.9% regeneration for the smaller and larger particle size of zeolite, respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Ammonium, Batch, Bio-Zeolite, Biofilm, Capacity, Equilibrium, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Mechanism, Microorganisms, Model, Models, Natural Zeolite, Non-Linear Method, Particle Size, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First Order, Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order Mechanism, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constant, Recovery, Regeneration, Size, Sorption, Sorption Kinetics, Zeolite

? Han, R.P., Zhang, J.H., Zou, W.H., Xiao, H.J., Shi, J. and Liu, H.M. (2006), Biosorption of copper(II) and Lead(II) from aqueous solution by chaff in a fixed-bed column. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 262-268.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 262.pdf

Abstract: In this article, the ability of chaff to adsorb heavy metal ions from aqueous solution was investigated in a fixed-bed column. The effect of important parameters, such as the value of pH, the flow rate, the influent concentration of solution and the effect of coexistence ions, was studied. Also the adsorption/desorption recycles of chaff were shown, and the results indicated that chaff could be recycled to remove heavy metal ions. The Thomas model was applied to adsorption of copper and lead at different flow rate and different influent concentration to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column useful for process design. The model was found suitable for describing the biosorption process of the dynamic behavior of the chaff column. All the results suggested that chaff as adsorbent to removal heavy metal ions from solution prove efficient, and the rate of biosorption process is speedy. Furthermore, the efficiency of adsorption is high. When the flow rate was 3.6 ml min⁻¹ and the influent concentration of copper and lead was 14.82 mg l⁻¹ and 50.12 mg l⁻¹ respectively, the equilibrium adsorption biomass reached 1.98 mg g⁻¹ and 6.72 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The competitive adsorption for lead and copper was studied. Moreover the total adsorbing capability of chaff did not decrease when there were both copper(II) and Lead(II) in solution.

Keywords: Biosorption, Chaff, Copper Cation, Lead Cation, Competitive Adsorption

? Khan, M.N. and Zareen, U. (2006), Sand sorption process for the removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic surfactant) from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 269-275.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 269.pdf

Abstract: Granite sand was used to adsorb anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) from water at natural pH 6.25. The effect of adsorbent size, pH, temperature and amount of adsorbent has been examined. The results indicate that the Langmuir model provides the best correlation of experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters like entropy, enthalpy and free energy of adsorption were evaluated. Decreasing the temperature accelerates the adsorption of SDS onto sand surface. The kinetic data were analyzed by using pseudo-first order Lagergren equation. Adsorption of SDS was exothermic and dominated by physisorption with activation energy (Ea) 33.65 kJ mol⁻¹. In addition, regeneration of granite sand by washing with Fenton likes reagent was examined. The results suggested that granite sand is suitable as a sorbent material for recovery and adsorption of SDS from aqueous solutions in view of its effectiveness and cheaper cost.

Keywords: Granite Sand, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Adsorption, Kinetics, Activation Energy

? Inbaraj, B.S. and Sulochana, N. (2006), Mercury adsorption on a carbon sorbent derived from fruit shell of Terminalia catappa. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 283-290.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 283.pdf

Abstract: A carbonaceous sorbent derived from the fruit shell of Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) by sulfuric acid treatment was used for the removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solution. Sorption of mercury depends on the pH of the aqueous solution with maximum uptake occurring in the pH range of 5–6. The kinetics of sorption conformed well to modified second order model among the other kinetic models (pseudo first order and pseudo second order) tested. The Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models defined the equilibrium data precisely compared to Freundlich model and the monolayer sorption capacity obtained was 94.43 mg/g. Sorption capacity increased with increase in temperature and the thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°, indicated the Hg(II) sorption to be endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid–solution interface. An optimum carbon dose of 4 g/l was required for the maximum uptake of Hg(II) from 30 mg/l and the mathematical relationship developed showed a correlation of 0.94 between experimental and calculated percentage removals for any carbon dose studied. About 60% of Hg(II) adsorbed was recovered from the spent carbon at pH 1.0, while 94% of it was desorbed using 1.0% KI solution.

Keywords: Acid Treatment, Acid-Treatment, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Adsorption Kinetics, Aqueous Solution, Capacity, Carbon, Correlation, Data, Endothermic, Equilibrium, Experimental, First, First Order, Freundlich, Freundlich Model, Hg(II), Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Langmuir, Mercury, Mercury(II), Model, Models, Modified, Monolayer, pH, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Randomness, Redlich-Peterson, Removal, Second Order, Second-Order, Solution, Sorbent, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Temperature, Terminalia, Terminalia Catappa, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Treatment, Uptake

? Vijayaraghavan, K., Padmesh, T.V.N., Palanivelu, K. and Velan, M. (2006), Biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto Sargassum wightii: Application of two-parameter and three-parameter isotherm models. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133 (1-3), 304-308.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat133, 304.pdf

Abstract: Biosorption of nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution onto Sargassum wightii has been studied and the equilibrium isotherms were determined. The experimental data obtained at different pH conditions (pH 3.0–4.5) have been analyzed using five two-parameter models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Flory–Huggins) and five three-parameter models (Redlich–Peterson, Sips, Khan, Radke–Prausnitz and Toth). In order to determine the best fit isotherm, three error analysis methods were used to evaluate the data: correlation coefficient, residual root mean square error and chi-square test. The error analysis demonstrated that the three-parameter models better described the nickel biosorption data compared to two-parameter models. In particular, Toth equation provided the best model for nickel biosorption data at all pH conditions examined.

Keywords: Sorption Isotherm, Nickel, Error Analysis, Biosorption, Sargassum Wightii

? Ho, Y.S. (2006), Comment on “Remediation of soil contaminated with the heavy metal (Cd²⁺)”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 134 (1-3), 41-42.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat134, 41.pdf; 2005\J Haz Mat-Ho1.pdf; 2005\J Haz Mat-Ho2.pdf

Keywords: Adsorption, Citation Error, Heavy Metal, Metal, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Quotation Error, Soil

? Chen, S.B., Zhu, Y.G. and Ma, Y.B. (2006), The effect of grain size of rock phosphate amendment on metal immobilization in contaminated soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 134 (1-3), 74-79.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat134, 74.pdf

Abstract: When rock phosphates (RP) are used to remediate Pb-contaminated soils, their effectiveness is likely affected by their grain size. In this study, the effect of grain size of rock phosphate on the effectiveness of heavy metal immobilization in two contaminated soils was measured in pot experiment. Rock phosphate was used with four different grain sizes: <35, 35–72, 72–133 and 133–266 μm. The application rate of rock phosphate in two soils was determined based on P/metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) molar ratio of 5.0 in the soils. The results showed that rock phosphate of the smallest grain size (<35 μm) was superior to all of other grain sizes more than 35 μm for reducing uptake in plant (Brassica oleracea L.) shoots for Cd (19.6–50.0%), Pb (21.9–51.4%) and Zn (22.4–34.6%), respectively, as compared with the soil without application of rock phosphate. Sequential extraction analysis indicated that rock phosphate was most effective for soil Pb to induced transformation from non-residual fractions to a residual fraction than that for Zn and Cd. Such transformation was probably through dissolution of Pb associated with exchangeable (EX), organic fraction (OC), acidic fraction (AC) and amorphous Fe and Al oxides-bound (OX) fraction and precipitation of pyromorphite-like minerals. Results suggested that the rock phosphate with small grain size was superior to that with large grain size for in situ remediation technology.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Immobilization, Rock Phosphate, Grain Size

? Lu, W.B., Shi, J.J., Wang, C.H. and Chang, J.S. (2006), Biosorption of lead, copper and cadmium by an indigenous isolate Enterobacter sp. J1 possessing high heavy-metal resistance. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 134 (1-3), 80-86.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat134, 80.pdf

Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate biosorption kinetics and equilibria of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) ions using the biomass of Enterobacter sp. J1 isolated from a local industry wastewater treatment plant. Efficiency of metal ion recovery from metal-loaded biomass to regenerate the biosorbent was also determined. The results show that Enterobacter sp. J1 was able to uptake over 50 mg of Pb per gram of dry cell, while having equilibrium adsorption capacities of 32.5 and 46.2 mg/g dry cell for Cu and Cd, respectively. In general, Langmuir and Freundlich models were able to describe biosorption isotherm fairly well, except that prediction of Pb adsorption was relatively poor with Langmuir model, suggesting a different mechanism for Pb biosorption. Adjusting the pH value to 3.0 led to nearly complete desorption of Cd from metal-loaded biomass, while over 90% recovery of Pb and Cu ions was obtained at pH2. After four repeated adsorption/desorption cycles, biomass of Enterobacter sp. J1 retained 75, 79 and 90% of original capacity for adsorption of Pb, Cu and Cd, respectively, suggesting good reusability of the biosorbent. A combinative model was proposed to describe the kinetics of heavy-metal adsorption by Enterobacter sp. J1 and the model appeared to have an excellent prediction of the experimental data. The model simulation results also seemed to suggest that intracellular accumulation may occur during the uptake of Pb.

Keywords: Biosorption, Enterobacter sp., Lead, Copper, Cadmium

? Saxena, A., Singh, B., Sharma, A., Dubey, V., Semwal, R.P., Suryanarayana, M.V.S., Rao, V.K. and Sekhar, K. (2006), Adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate on metal impregnated carbons under static conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 134 (1-3), 104-111.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat134, 104.pdf

Abstract: Active carbon, grade 80 CTC, of surface area 1199 m²/g, 12×30 BSS particle size and coconut shell origin was impregnated (5%, W/W) with various impregnants such as Cu(II) 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate, Cu(II) 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, 1-phenylbute-1,3-dione-2-oxime plus Cu(II) using incipient wetness technique. These impregnated carbons along with active carbon (Grade 80 CTC) and whetlerite were studied for the adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) at 33±1°C under static conditions. Cu(II) 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate impregnated carbon system showed highest uptake (68.5%, W/W) of DMMP amongst all the carbon systems, however, active carbon with higher surface area could adsorb 61.5% (W/W) of DMMP under same conditions. It indicated that the adsorption by Cu(II) 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate impregnated carbon was not only due to physisorption but chemisorption as well. Kinetics of adsorption was also studied and various parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, rate constant (k), diffusional exponent (n) and constant (K) were determined. Carbons with and without DMMP exposure were also studied using IR and TGA techniques. Reaction products were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and found to be methyl methylphosphonic acid (MMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA) for Cu(II) 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate impregnated carbon.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Active Carbon, Adsorption, Capacity, Carbon, Chemisorption, Chromatography, Chromium, Coconut Shell, Copper, Cu(II), Decomposition, Equilibration, Exposure, GC, MS, Hazardous Chemical, Impregnation and Dimethyl Methylphosphonate, IR, JUN, Kinetics, Mass, Metal, Mustard, Origin, Particle Size, Rate Constant, Rights, Silver, Size, Spectrometry, Surface, Surface Area, Systems, Technique, Techniques, TGA, Time, Uptake, Vapors, X

? Rakhshaee, R., Khosravi, M. and Ganji, M.T. (2006), Kinetic modeling and thermodynamic study to remove Pb(II), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution using dead and living Azolla filiculoides. Journal of Hazardous Materials,