Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 770.pdf

Abstract: Platinum has been widely applied in catalytic industry and the recovery of noble metals from industrial wastes becomes an economic issue. The laboratory studies of platinum(IV) microquantities removal from 1 M aluminium, copper, iron, nickel and zinc chloride solutions in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solutions on the anion exchanger Duolite S 37 of the functional secondary and tertiary amine groups were carried out. For this anion exchanger the fraction extracted values (%E, Pt(IV)) as well as the sorption isotherms were determined depending on the kind of aqueous phase and phase contact time. Moreover, the bed and weight distribution coefficients as well as working and total ion-exchange capacities were calculated from the platinum(IV) breakthrough curves. Kinetic parameters were determined.

Keywords: Platinum, Recovery, Ion Exchange

? Senthilkumar, R., Vijayaraghavan, K., Thilakavathi, M., Iyer, P.V.R. and Velan, M. (2006), Seaweeds for the remediation of wastewaters contaminated with zinc(II) ions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 791-799.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 791.pdf

Abstract: Eleven different species of marine macroalgae were screened at different pH conditions on the basis of zinc(II) biosorption potential. Among the seaweeds, a green alga, Ulva reticulata, exhibited a highest uptake of 36.1 mg/g at pH 5.5 and 100 mg/l initial zinc(II) concentration. Further experiments were conducted to evaluate the zinc(II) biosorption potential of U. reticulata. Sorption isotherm data obtained at different pH (5–6) and temperature (25–35 °C) conditions were fitted well with Sips model followed by Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson and Langmuir models. A maximum zinc(II) biosorption capacity of 135.5 mg/g was observed at optimum conditions of 5.5 (pH) and 30 °C (temperature), according to the Langmuir model. It was observed from the kinetic data that the zinc(II) biosorption process using U. reticulata follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated and they indicated that the present system was a spontaneous and an endothermic process. The influence of the co-ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) along with zinc(II) present in the wastewater was also studied. Desorption of zinc(II) ions from the zinc(II)-loaded biomass were examined using 0.1 M CaCl₂ at different pH conditions in three sorption–desorption cycles. A fixed-bed column (2 cm i.d. and 35 cm height) was employed to evaluate the continuous biosorption performance of U. reticulata. The column experiments at different bed heights and flow rates revealed that the maximum zinc(II) uptake was obtained at the highest bed height (25 cm) and the lowest flow rate (5 ml/min). Column data were fitted well with Thomas, Yoon–Nelson and modified dose–response models. The column regeneration studies were carried out for three sorption–desorption cycles. A loss of sorption performance was observed during regeneration cycles indicated by a shortened breakthrough time and a decreased zinc(II) uptake.

Keywords: Biomass, Biosorption, Breakthrough, Capacity, Column, Column Experiments, Column Regeneration, Concentration, Data, Desorption, Endothermic, Experiments, Fixed Bed, Flow, Freundlich, Green Alga, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Macroalgae, Marine Macroalgae, Model, Models, Modified, Na⁺, Performance, pH, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Rates, Redlich-Peterson, Regeneration, Remediation, Seaweed, Sorption, Sorption Isotherm, Sorption-Desorption, Species, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, U, Uptake, Wastewater, Wastewaters, Zinc(II)

? Senthilkumaar, S., Kalaamani, P. and Subburaam, C.V. (2006), Liquid phase adsorption of Crystal violet onto activated carbons derived from male flowers of coconut tree. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 800-808.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 800.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of Crystal violet, a basic dye onto phosphoric and sulphuric acid activated carbons (PAAC and SAAC), prepared from male flowers coconut tree has been investigated. Equilibrium data were successfully applied to study the kinetics and mechanism of adsorption of dye onto both the carbons. The kinetics of adsorption was found to be pseudo second order with regard to intraparticle diffusion. The pseudo second order is further supported by the Elovich model, which in turn intensifies the fact of chemisorption of dye onto both the carbons. Quantitative removal of dye at higher initial pH of dye solution reveals the basic nature of the Crystal violet and acidic nature of the activated carbons. Influence of temperature on the removal of dye from aqueous solution shows the feasibility of adsorption and its endothermic nature. Mass transfer studies were also carried out. The adsorption capacities of both the carbons were found to be 60.42 and 85.84 mg/g for PAAC and SAAC, respectively. Langmuir’s isotherm data were used to design single-stage batch adsorption model. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Activated Carbons, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous Solution, Basic Dye, Batch, Batch Adsorption, Cellulosic Fibre Carbons, Chemisorption, Crystal Violet, Data, Design, Diffusion, Dye, Elovich, Elovich Model, Endothermic, Equilibrium, Feasibility, Intraparticle Diffusion, Isotherm, Kinetics, Kinetics of Adsorption, Male, Mass Transfer, Mechanism, Mechanism of Adsorption, Model, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Second Order, Second-Order, Solution, Sulphuric Acid, Temperature, Thermodynamics

? Barrera, H., Ureña-Núñez, F., Bilyeu, B. and Barrera-Díaz, C. (2006), Removal of chromium and toxic ions present in mine drainage by Ectodermis of Opuntia. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 846-853.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 846.pdf

Abstract: This work presents conditions for hexavalent and trivalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions using natural, protonated and thermally treated Ectodermis of Opuntia. A removal of 77% of Cr(VI) and 99% of Cr(III) can be achieved. The sorbent material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, before and after the contact with the chromium containing aqueous media. The results obtained from the characterization techniques indicate that the metal ion remains on the surface of the sorbent material. The percentage removal is found to depend on the initial chromium concentration and pH. The Cr(VI) and Cr(III) uptake process is maximum at pH 4, using 0.1 g of sorbent per liter of aqueous solution. The natural Ectodermis of Opuntia showed a chromium adsorption capacity that was adequately described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Finally, an actual mine drainage sample that contained Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe Zn, Ni and Pb was tested under optimal conditions for chromium removal and Ectodermis of Opuntia was found to be a suitable sorbent material. The use of this waste material for the treatment of metal-containing aqueous solutions as well as mine drainage is effective and economical.

Keywords: Biosorption, Biomass, Cr(VI), Metal Ion Removal, Wastewater Treatment

? Aouad, G., Crovisier, J.L., Geoffroy, V.A., Meyer, J.M. and Stille, P. (2006), Microbially-mediated glass dissolution and sorption of metals by Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and biofilm. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 889-895.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 889.pdf

Abstract: A basaltic glass and a vitrified bottom ash were incubated at 25 °C in a growth medium (based on casaminoacids) inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial growth and mineral concentrations in different compartments (bacterial cells, growth medium and biofilm) were monitored in short-term (3 days), and long-term experiments involving repeated renewals of the culture medium during 174 days.

In short-term experiments, while the concentration of iron increased in the presence of bacteria, a decrease in Ni and Zn was observed in the growth medium compared to the sterile condition. During long-term experiments, such differences gradually decreased and disappeared after 78 days. On the contrary, iron concentration remained higher in the biotic condition compared to the sterile one. Bacterial growth resulted within a few days in the formation of a biofilm, which lead to the cementation of the altered glass grains. Most of the constituents of the glass (Si, Mg, Fe, Ti, Ba, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr) were found in the biofilm, while the chemical composition of the bacterial cells was very different.

Keywords: Bioalteration, Basaltic Glass, Bottom Ash, Biofilm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

? Ozsoy, H.D. and Kumbur, H. (2006), Adsorption of Cu(II) ions on cotton boll. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 911-916.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 911.pdf

Abstract: In this study, cotton boll was used as an adsorbent for the aim of removing of the Cu(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was carried out in a batch process and the effects of contact time (2–24 h), adsorbent concentration (1–20 g l⁻¹), initial pH (2.0–6.0), initial metal ion concentration (20–160 mg l⁻¹) and temperature (20–45 °C) on the adsorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was determined at pH 5.0 and adsorbed Cu(II) ion concentration was increased with increasing adsorbent concentration and contact time. The isothermal data of cotton boll could be well described by the Langmuir equations and the Langmuir monolayer capacity had a mean value of 11.40 mg l⁻¹. Experimental results indicated that the pseudo-second order reaction model provided the best description of the data with a correlation coefficient 0.99 for different initial metal concentrations and therefore it was explained that chemical sorption was the basic mechanism in this system. FT-IR results showed that oxygen and nitrogen atoms in structure of cotton boll were involved in Cu(II) ions adsorption.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Process, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch, Batch Process, Capacity, Chemical, Chemical Sorption, Concentration, Contact, Copper(II) Ions, Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Cotton Boll, Cu(II), Cu(II) Ion, Cu(II) Ions, Data, Effects, Equilibrium, FT-IR, FTIR, Heavy-Metals, Ions, Isothermal, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Mechanism, Metal, Metal Ion, Metal-Ions, Model, Monolayer, Nitrogen, Oxygen, pH, Process, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order Kinetic Model, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Rights, Solutions, Sorption, Structure, Temperature, Thermodynamic Parameters, Time, Tree Fern, Value

? Kumar, B.G.P., Shivakamy, K., Miranda, L.R. and Velan, M. (2006), Preparation of steam activated carbon from rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) and its adsorption kinetics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 922-929.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 922.pdf

Abstract: Activated carbon was produced from a biowaste product, rubberwood sawdust (RWSD) using steam in a high temperature fluidized bed reactor. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of various process parameters such as activation time, activation temperature, particle size and fluidising velocity on the quality of the activated carbon. The activated carbon was characterized based on its iodine number, methylene blue number, Brauner Emmet Teller (BET) surface area and surface area obtained using the ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether (EGME) retention method. The best quality activated carbon was obtained at an activation time and temperature of 1 h and 750°C for an average particle size of 0.46 mm. The adsorption kinetics shows that pseudo-second-order rate fitted the adsorption kinetics better than pseudo-first-order rate equation. The adsorption capacity of carbon produced from RWSD was found to be 1250 mg g⁻¹ for the Bismark Brown dye. The rate constant and diffusion coefficient for intraparticle transport were determined for steam activated carbon. The characteristic of the prepared activated carbon was found comparable to the commercial activated carbon.

Kinetics, Bet, Capacity, Carbon, Diffusion, Diffusion Coefficient, Dye, Ether, Ethylene Glycol, Fluidized Bed Reactor, Kinetics, Methylene Blue, Particle Size, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Rate, Quality, Quality of, Rate Constant, Retention, Rubberwood Sawdust, Sawdust, Size, Steam Activation, Surface, Surface Area, Temperature, Transport

? Sun, S.L., Wang, L. and Wang, A.Q. (2006), Adsorption properties of crosslinked carboxymethyl-chitosan resin with Pb(II) as template ions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 930-937.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 930.pdf

Abstract: In the current study, we attempt to find a new adsorbent material based on chitosan to improve adsorption selectivity for heavy metals, so that the crosslinked N,O-carboxymethyl-chitosan resin with Pb(II) as template ions (crosslinked CMC template) were synthesized by using CMC adsorbed Pb(II) ions crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The effects on adsorption capacities such as amount of crosslinking agent, degree of substitution of CMC, pH value of the initial solution and adsorption time were investigated. The adsorption experiments demonstrated the crosslinked CMC template has high adsorption selectivity for Pb(II) ions in solution containing single metal ions or coexistence of three metals ions of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II). Furthermore, it was investigated that the crosslinked CMC template has a good reusability and stability as compared to CMC. Finally, we studied the adsorption mechanism by FTIR spectra and XPS analysis. The results reveal that the adsorption of crosslinked CMC template and CMC for Pb(II) is a chelation process.

Keywords: Adsorption, N,O-Carboxymethyl-Chitosan, Crosslinked, Lead, Template

? Trgo, M., Perić, J. and Medvidović, N.V. (2006), A comparative study of ion exchange kinetics in zinc/lead—modified zeolite-clinoptilolite systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 938-945.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 938.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics of zinc and lead ions removal by modified zeolite-clinoptilolite has been investigated. The rate of the ion exchange process for lead ions is faster than for zinc ions, as well as the time needed to reach the equilibrium. The ion exchange capacity of zeolite of lead ions is doubly higher than that of zinc ions. Diffusion models according to the Vermeulen’s approximation, the parabolic diffusion model and the homogeneous diffusion model have been tested with the experimental data of ion exchange for zinc and lead. For both systems examined, the best fit of the models proposed with the experimental data was shown by the Vermeulen’s approximation and the homogeneous diffusion model with t → t_∞. The diffusion coefficients are calculated from kinetic models of lead ions they are of the order of 10⁻⁶ cm²/min, constant for all examined initial concentrations and not dependent on time. The diffusion coefficients in the system of zinc ions is of the order of 10⁻⁸ cm²/min, also independent of initial concentrations, but decreasing with time from the beginning of ion exchange to the equilibrium.

Keywords: Zinc, Lead, Ion Exchange, Diffusion Models, Clinoptilolite

? Wang, S.B. and Zhu, Z.H. (2006), Characterisation and environmental application of an Australian natural zeolite for basic dye removal from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 946-952.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 946.pdf

Abstract: An Australian natural zeolite was collected, characterised and employed for basic dye adsorption in aqueous solution. The natural zeolite is mainly composed of clinoptiloite, quartz and mordenite and has cation-exchange capacity of 120 meq/100 g. The natural zeolite presents higher adsorption capacity for methylene blue than rhodamine B with the maximal adsorption capacity of 2.8×10⁻⁵ and 7.9×10⁻⁵ mol/g at 50 °C for rhodamine B and methylene blue, respectively. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed the pseudo second-order kinetics and could be described as two-stage diffusion process. The adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the adsorption is endothermic process with ΔH° at 2.0 and 8.7 kJ/mol for rhodamine B and methylene blue. It has also found that the regenerated zeolites by high-temperature calcination and Fenton oxidation showed similar adsorption capacity but lower than the fresh sample. Only 60% capacity could be recovered by the two regeneration techniques.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous Solution, Basic Dye, Capacity, Cation Exchange Capacity, Diffusion, Dye, Dye Adsorption, Dye Removal, Environmental, Fenton, Fly-Ash, Freundlich, Isotherm, Kinetics, Langmuir, Metals, Methylene Blue, Models, Mordenite, Natural, Natural Zeolite, Nitrogen, Oxidation, Process, Pseudo-Second-Order, Quartz, Regeneration, Removal, Rhodamine B, Scolecite, Second-Order Kinetics, Techniques, Waste-Water, Wastewater Treatment, Zeolite, Zeolites

? Baskaralingam, P., Pulikesi, M., Ramamurthi, V. and Sivanesan, S. (2006), Equilibrium studies for the adsorption of Acid dye onto modified hectorite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 989-992.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 989.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of Acid dye, C.I. Acid Red 151 from aqueous solution onto modified hectorite at different concentrations and pH has been studied. Hectorite clay has been modified using two cationic surfactants, cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride. Present experimental study shows that acidic pH favours enhanced adsorption. The adsorption isotherms are described by means of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity has been found to be 208.33 and 169.49 mg g⁻¹ for the modified cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride-hectorite (CDBA-hect) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CP-hect), respectively.

Keywords: Acid Dye, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Aqueous-Solutions, Capacity, Chloride, Clay, Dye, Isotherms, Modified, Modified Hectorite, pH, Reactive Dyes, Sorption, Surfactants

? Kumar, K.V. (2006), A note on the comments by Dr. Y.S. Ho on “Remediation of soil contaminated with the heavy metal (Cd²⁺)”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 993-994.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 993.pdf

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Citation Error, Comments, Dyes, Heavy Metal, Metal, Nonlinear Method, Optimum Sorption Isotherm, Pseudo-Second Order, Removal, Soil

? Kumar, K.V. (2006), A note on the comments by Dr. Y.S. Ho on “Nitrate removal from aqueous solution by adsorption onto various materials”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136 (3), 995-996.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat136, 995.pdf

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Aqueous Solution, Citation Error, Comments, Pseudo-Second Order, Removal, Solution

? Lin, C.C. and Lai, Y.T. (2006), Adsorption and recovery of Lead(II) from aqueous solutions by immobilized Pseudomonas Aeruginosa PU21 beads. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137 (1), 99-105.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat137, 99.pdf

Abstract: In this study, immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 beads were used as an adsorbent for Lead(II). Different weight percentages of chitosan were added to polyethylene glycol (PEG, 0.5 wt.% in aqueous solution) and alginate (18 wt.% in aqueous solution), and then blended or cross-linked using different concentrations of epichlorohydrin (ECH) to prepare beads of different sizes and increased mechanical strength. Before blending or cross-linking, different weight percentages of P. aeruginosa PU21 were added to increase Lead(II) adsorption. Subsequently the optimized bead composition (concentration of ECH, percentages of chitosan and P. aeruginosa PU21) and the optimum adsorption conditions (agitation rate and pH in the aqueous solution) were ascertained. Finally, the optimized beads adsorbing Lead(II) were regenerated by 0.1 M aqueous HCl solutions and the most effective desorption agitation rate was ascertained. The results indicate that the reuse of immobilized P. aeruginosa PU21 beads was feasible. In addition, the equilibrium adsorption, kinetics, changes in the thermodynamic properties of adsorption of Lead(II) on optimized beads were also investigated.

Keywords: Lead, Chitosan, Immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21 Bead, Biosorption, Regeneration

? Bilgili, M.S. (2006), Adsorption of 4-chlorophenol from aqueous solutions by XAD-4 resin: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137 (1), 157-164.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat137, 157.pdf

Abstract: Removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from synthetic aqueous solutions through adsorption on Amberlite XAD-4 resin, a non-ionic macroreticular resins, under batch equilibrium experimental conditions at 298, 308 and 318 K was investigated. It is necessary to propose a suitable model to a better understanding on the mechanism of 4-CP adsorption. For this purpose, Langmiur, Freundlich, Toth, and Redlich–Peterson (RP) isotherm models were compared. The two and three parameters in the adopted adsorption isotherm models were determined by the help of MATLAB package program. It was determined that best fitted adsorption isotherm models were obtained to be in the order: Redlich–Peterson > Langmuir > Toth > Freundlich isotherms. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation to the experimental results. Results of the intra-particle diffusion model show that the pore diffusion is not the only rate limiting step. The lower correlation of the data to the Bangham’s equation also represents that the diffusion of the adsorbate into pores of the sorbent is not the only rate-controlling step. The thermodynamic constants of adsorption phenomena; ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° were found as −4.17 (at 298 K) kJ/mol, −42.01 kJ/mol, and −0.127 kJ/(mol K), respectively. The results showed that adsorption of 4-CP on Amberlite XAD-4, a nonionic polymeric resin was exothermic and spontaneous.

Keywords: 4-Chlorophenol, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Models, Amberlite XAD-4, Analysis, Aqueous Solutions, Batch, Correlation, Data, Diffusion, Diffusion Model, Equilibrium, Exothermic, Experimental, Freundlich, Intra-Particle Diffusion, Intraparticle Diffusion, Intraparticle Diffusion Model, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Mechanism, Model, Models, Polymeric, Pore Diffusion, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Purpose, Rate Limiting Step, Redlich-Peterson, Removal, Resin, Resins, Solutions, Sorbent, Thermodynamic, Understanding, XAD-4, XAD-4 Resin

? Cochrane, E.L., Lu, S., Gibb, S.W. and Villaescusa, I. (2006), A comparison of low-cost biosorbents and commercial sorbents for the removal of copper from aqueous media. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137 (1), 198-206.

Full Text: 2006\J Haz Mat137, 198.pdf

Abstract: Three biosorbents, crab carapace, the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus and peat were compared with two commercial materials, an activated-carbon and an ion-exchange resin for the removal of copper from aqueous media. Kinetic models of Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticular diffusion were used to model the data. The process for all materials is best represented by the pseudo-second order rate model. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the sorption equilibrium data. Maximum uptake values were 79.4, 114.9 and 71.4 mg g⁻¹ for crab carapace, F. vesiculosus and ion-exchange resin, respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models could not be fitted to the experimental data for peat and activated-carbon. Ion-exchange was calculated to contribute 75%, 77% and 44% to the total biosorption by crab carapace, F. vesiculosus and peat, respectively. The removal efficiencies of crab carapace and F. vesiculosus were >95% and comparable with those achieved using ion-exchange resin. Results from this study suggest that both crab carapace and F. vesiculosus are efficient and effective biosorbent materials for the removal of copper from aqueous solutions and given that they are also low-cost, may be considered viable alternatives to activated-carbon and ion-exchange resin.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Alternatives, Aqueous Solutions, Basic Dye, Batch, Biosorbent, Biosorbents, Biosorption, Biosorption, Cadmium(II), Comparison, Copper, Crab Carapace, Crab Shell Particles, Data, Diffusion, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherm, Experimental, First Order, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Fucus Vesiculosus, Grape Stalks Wastes, Heavy-Metals, Ion Exchange, Ion Exchange Resin, Ion-Exchange, Ion-Exchange Resin, Ionexchange, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Lagergren, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms, Low Cost, Low-Cost Biosorbents, Macroalgae, Media, Model, Models, Peat, Process, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Resin, Rights, Solutions, Sorbents, Sorption, Uptake, Values

? Özacar, M. (2006), Contact time optimization of two-stage batch adsorber design using second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of phosphate onto alunite. Journal of Hazardous Materials,