Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 425.pdf

Abstract: Pristine orange peel was chemically modified by introducing sulfur groups with the carbon disulfide treatment in alkaline medium. The presence of sulfur groups on orange peel xanthate were identified by FTIR spectroscopic study. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained and the effect of various parameters including equilibrium pH, contact time, temperature and initial ion concentration on adsorption of Pb²⁺ were studied by batch experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of orange peel xanthate was 204.50 mg g^-1, which was found to increase by about 150% compared to that of pristine orange peel. The adsorption process can attain equilibrium within 20 min, and kinetics was found to be best-fit pseudo-second-order equation. Temperature has little effect on the adsorption capacity of orange peel xanthate. in addition, the adsorption mechanism was suggested to be complexation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Mechanism, Aqueous Solutions, Batch, Batch Experiments, Biomass, Biosorption, Cadmium, Capacity, Carbon, Complexation, Concentration, Copper, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Isotherms, Esterification, Experiments, FTIR, Heavy-Metal Removal, Isotherms, Kinetics, Lead, Mechanism, Modified, Orange Peel, Pb²⁺, pH, Pristine, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Equation, Rights, Solutions, Sorption, Spectroscopy, Sulfur, Temperature, Treatment, Waste, Xanthate

? Bankar, A.V., Kumar, A.R. and Zinjarde, S.S. (2009), Removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto two marine isolates of Yarrowia lipolytica. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (1), 487-494.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 487.pdf

Abstract: The removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solutions by the biomass of two marine strains of Yarrowia lipolytica (NCIM 3589 and 3590) was studied with respect to pH, temperature, biomass, sea salt concentration, agitation speed, contact time and initial concentration of chromium(VI) ions. Maximum biosorption was observed at pH 1.0 and at a temperature of 35 degrees C. Increase in biomass and sea salts resulted in a decreased metal uptake. With an agitation speed of 130 rpm, equilibrium was attained within 2 h. Under optimum conditions, biosorption was enhanced with increasing concentrations of Cr(VI) ions. NCIM 3589 and 3590 displayed a specific uptake of Cr(VI) ions of 63.73±1.3 mg g^-1 at a concentration of 950 ppm and 46.09±0.23 mg g(-1) at 955 ppm, respectively. Scatchard plot analysis revealed a straight line allowing the data to be fitted in the Langmuir model. The adsorption data obtained also fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm. The surface sequestration of Cr(VI) by Y. lipolytica was investigated with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) as well as with ED-X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the involvement of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide groups on the cell surfaces in chromium binding. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous, Biomass, Biosorption, Biosorption, Chromium, Copper, Cultures, Degradation, Elsevier, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, FTIR, Groups, Hexavalent Chromium, Isotherm, Metal, Metal Removal, Pb(II), pH, Removal, SEM-EDS, Solutions, Spectroscopy, Temperature, Waste-Water, Wastewaters, Yarrowia Lipolytica, Yeast

? Riahi, K., Ben Thayer, B., Ben Mammou, A., Ben Ammar, A. and Jaafoura, M.H. (2009), Biosorption characteristics of phosphates from aqueous solution onto Phoenix dactylifera L. date palm fibers. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 511-519.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 511.pdf

Abstract: Phosphates are very important basic materials in agricultural and other industrial applications. The removal of phosphates from surface waters is generally necessary to avoid problems, such as eutrophication, particularly near urban areas. This paper is focused on the sorption of PO₄^3- ions from aqueous solution onto date palm fibers as a raw, natural and abundantly materials. A series of batch tests were conducted and the influence of contact time, initial phosphate concentration, pH of the solution and adsorbent dosage on PO₄^3- specie removal was investigated. FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the date palm fibers before and after phosphates biosorption and desorption studies were investigated to confirm the mechanism of the retention of phosphates. Results indicate that PO₄^3- uptake increased with increased initial phosphate concentration and decreased with increased pH values. The results showed that the highest phosphates adsorption capacity (4.35 mg/g) was found at pH 6.8, for an adsorbent dosage of 6 g/L, initial phosphate concentration of 50 mg/L, under a constant temperature of 18°C±02, and the equilibrium state was reached within 120 min of exposure time. The relatively low cost and high capabilities of date palm fibers make them potentially attractive adsorbents for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous, Batch Tests, Biosorption, Capacity, Date Palm Fibers, Desorption, Desorption Studies, Elsevier, Equilibrium, Eutrophication, FT-IR, FTIR, FTIR Spectroscopy, Hydroxides, Mechanism, Media, Oxide, pH, Phosphate, Phosphates, Phosphorus Removal, Removal, Sorption, Spectroscopy, TEM, Temperature, Waste-Water Treatment

? Ahmad, A.A., Hameed, B.H. and Ahmad, A.L. (2009), Removal of disperse dye from aqueous solution using waste-derived activated carbon: Optimization study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 612-619.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 612.pdf

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to obtain optimal preparation conditions for activated carbons prepared from rattan sawdust (RSAC) for removal of disperse dye from aqueous solution. The RSAC was prepared by chemical activation with phosphoric acid using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM based on a three-variable central composite design was used to determine the effect of activation temperature (400-600 degrees C), activation time (1-3h) and H3PO4:precursor (wt%) impregnation ratio (3:1-6:1) on C.I. Disperse Orange 30 (DO30) percentage removal and activated carbon yield were investigated. Based on the central composite design, quadratic model was developed to correlate the preparation variables to the two responses. The most influential factor on each experimental design responses was identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions for preparation of RSAC, which were based on response surface and contour plots, were found as follows: temperature of 470 degrees C, activation time of 2 h and 14 min and chemical impregnation ratio of 4.45. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activation, Activation Temperature, Adsorption, Adsorption, Analysis, Carbon, Carbons, Chemical Activation, Coconut Shell, Composite, Disperse Dye, Dye, Experimental Design, Impregnation, Methylene-Blue, Model, Optimization, Palm Shell, Phosphoric-Acid, Potassium Hydroxide, Rattan Sawdust, Removal, Response-Surface Methodology, Rsm, Sawdust, Sewage-Sludge, Temperature, Wood

? Moradi, O., Aghaie, M., Zare, K., Monajjemi, M. and Aghaie, H. (2009), The study of adsorption characteristics Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions onto PHEMA and P(MMA-HEMA) surfaces from aqueous single solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 673-679.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 673.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption characteristics of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions onto poly2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) and copolymer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with monomer methyl methacrylate P(MMA-HEMA) adsorbent surfaces from aqueous single solution were investigated with respect to the changes in the pH of solution, adsorbent composition (changes in the weight percentage of MMA copolymerized with HEMA monomer), contact time and the temperature in the individual aqueous solutions. The linear correlation coefficients of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were obtained. The results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental results better than the Freundlich isotherm. Using the Langmuir model equation, the monolayer adsorption capacity of PHEMA surface was found to be 0.840 and 3.037 mg/g for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions and adsorption capacity of (PMMA-HEMA) was found to be 31.153 and 31.447 mg/g for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions, respectively. Changes in the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and standard entropy (ΔS) show that the adsorption of mentioned ions onto PHEMA and P(MMA-HEMA) are spontaneous and exothermic at 293-323 K. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (Hema), Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Aqueous Solutions, Capacity, Changes, Characteristics, Composition, Copolymer, Copper, Correlation, Cu²⁺, Diffusion, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Exothermic, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Gibbs Free Energy, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy-Metal Ions, Industry Waste, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Model, Lead Ions, Methyl Methacrylate, Model, Monolayer, Pb²⁺, pH, Removal, Rights, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Standard, Surface, Surfaces, Temperature, Tree Fern, Waste-Water

? Swayampakula, K., Boddu, V.M., Nadavala, S.K. and Abburi, K. (2009), Competitive adsorption of Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) from their binary and tertiary aqueous solutions using chitosan-coated perlite beads as biosorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 680-689.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 680.pdf

Abstract: A new composite chitosan-coated biosorbent was prepared and was used for the removal and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solution. In the present investigation, equilibrium adsorption characteristics of Cu(II), Ni(II),and Co(II) from their binary and tertiary solution on newly developed biosorbent chitosan-coated perlite beads were evaluated through batch and column studies. These beads were characterized by using FTIR, EDXRF and surface area analysis techniques. The effect of various biosorption parameters like effect of pH. agitation time. concentration of adsorbate and amount of adsorbent on extent of adsorption was investigated. The adsorption follows Lagergren first order kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and the model parameters were evaluated. Both the models represent the experimental data satisfactorily. The sorbent loaded with metal was regenerated with 0.1 N NaOH solution. Furthermore the column dynamic studies indicate the re-usage of the biosorbent. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Aminated Chitosan, Aqueous, Bagasse Fly-Ash, Biomass Oedogonium sp, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Biosorption, Chitosan, Co(II) Ions, Cobalt Bisolute and Tertiary Solutions, Composite, Copper, Cu, Elsevier, Equilibrium, First Order, Freundlich, FTIR, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metal, Isotherm, Kinetic, Metal, Metals, Models, Nickel, Perlite, pH, Recovery, Red Mud, Removal, Solutions, Sugar-Industry Waste, Surface Area, Water

? Gokhale, S.V., Jyoti, K.K. and Lele, S.S. (2009), Modeling of chromium(VI) biosorption by immobilized Spirulina platensis in packed column. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 735-743.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 735.pdf

Abstract: This study describes biosorption of chromium(VI) by immobilized Spirulina platensis, in calcium alginate beads. Three aspects viz optimization of bead parameters. equilibrium conditions and packed column operation were studied and subsequently modeled. Under optimized bead diameter (2.6 mm), calcium alginate concentration (2%, w/v) and biomass loading (2.6%, w/v) maximum biosorption was achieved. 1140 g l^-1 loading of optimized beads resulted in 99% adsorption of chromium(VI) ions from an aqueous solution containing 100 mg l^-1 of chromium(VI). The quantitative chromium(VI) uptake was effectively described by Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The immobilized S. platensis beads were further used in a packed bed column wherein the effects of bed height, feed flow rate, inlet chromium(VI) ion concentration were studied by assessing breakthrough time. The performance data were tested for various models fitting in order to predict scale up-design parameters such as breakthrough time and column height. Results were encouraging. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Algae, Alginate, Aqueous, Aqueous-Solution, Bead, Biomass, Biosorption, Ca-Alginate Beads, Chromium, Chromium(VI), Cr VI, Elsevier, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Heavy-Metal Biosorption, Immobilization, Ions, Isotherm, Modeling, Models, Packed Bed Column, Removal, Spirulina, Vulgaris

? Al Mardini, F. and Legube, B. (2009), Effect of the adsorbate (Bromacil) equilibrium concentration in water on its adsorption on powdered activated carbon. Part 1. Equilibrium parameters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 744-753.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 744.pdf

Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of a pesticide of the uracil group on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The experiments were conducted at a wide range of initial pesticide concentrations (similar to 5 mu g L^-1 to similar to 500 mu g L^-1 at pH 7.8), corresponding to equilibrium concentrations of less than 0.1 mu g L^-1 for the weakest, which is compatible with the tolerance limits of drinking water. Such a very broad range of initial solute concentrations resulting powdered activated carbon (PAC) concentrations (0.1-5 mg L^-1) is the main particularity of our study. The application of several monosolute equilibrium models (two. three or more parameters) has generally shown that Bromacil adsorption is probably effective on two types of sites. High reactivity sites (K-L similar to 10³ L mg^-1) which are 10-20 less present in a carbon surface than lower reactivity sites (K-L similar to 10 L mg^-1), according to the q(m) values calculated by two- or three-parameter models. The maximum capacity of the studied powdered activated carbon (PAC), corresponding to monolayer adsorption, compared to the Bromacil molecule surface, would be between 170 mg g^-1 and 190 mg g^-1. This theoretical value is very close to the experimental q(m) values obtained when using linearized forms of Langmuir, Toth and Fritz-Schluender models. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Atrazine Adsorption, Bromacil, Capacity, Carbon, Elsevier, Equilibrium, Ionic-Strength, Isotherm Models, Kinetics, Models, Natural Organic-Matter, Nonlinear-Regression Analysis, PAC, pH, Phenol, Solute, Solute Adsorption, Sorption, Water

? Al Mardini, F. and Legube, B. (2009), Effect of the adsorbate (Bromacil) equilibrium concentration in water on its adsorption on powdered activated carbon. Part 2: Kinetic parameters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 754-762.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 754.pdf

Abstract: The application of several monosolute equilibrium models has previously shown that Bromacil adsorption on SA-UF (Norit) powdered activated carbon (PAC) is probably effective on two types of sites. High reactivity sites were found to be 10-20 less present in a carbon surface than lower reactivity sites, according to the q(m) values calculated by isotherm models. The aims of this work were trying, primarily. to identify the kinetic-determinant stage of the sorption of Bromacil at a wide range of initial pesticide concentrations (similar to 5 to similar to 500 mu g L^-1 at pH 7.8), and secondly, to specify the rate constants and other useful design parameters for the application in water treatment. It was therefore not possible to specify a priori whether the diffusion or surface reaction is the key step. It shows that many of the tested models which describe the stage of distribution or the surface reaction are correctly applied. However, the diffusivity values (D and D-0) were found to be constant only constants for some specific experimental concentrations. The HSDM model of surface diffusion in pores was also applied but the values of the diffusion coefficient of surface (D-s) were widely scattered and reduce significantly with the initial concentration or the equilibrium concentration in Bromacil. The model of surface reaction of pseudo-second order fitted particularly well and led to constant values which are independent of the equilibrium concentration, except for the low concentrations where the constants become significantly more important. This last observation confirms perfectly the hypothesis based on two types of sites as concluded by the equilibrium data (part I). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Application, Aqueous-Solutions, Atrazine Adsorption, Bromacil, Carbon, Concentration, Data, Design, Diffusion, Diffusion Coefficient, Distribution, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Models, Experimental, Fly-Ash, Interfacial Transport, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Parameters, L1, Methylene-Blue, Model, Models, Observation, PAC, Pesticide, pH, Powdered Activated Carbon, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constants, Reactivity, Rights, Solid, Solution Interfaces, Solute Adsorption, Sorption, Statistical Rate Theory, Surface, Surface Diffusion, Surface Reaction, Surface-Diffusion Model, Theoretical Description, Treatment, Water, Water Treatment, Work

? Alhamed, Y.A. (2009), Adsorption kinetics and performance of packed bed adsorber for phenol removal using activated carbon from dates’ stones. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 763-770.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 763.pdf

Abstract: Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption on activated carbon (AC) produced from waste dates’ stone (DS) were performed using four different AC particle sizes (1.47, 0.8, 0.45 and 0.225 mm) and initial concentration of phenol of 200 and 400 ppm. Breakthrough data for phenol removal using a packed bed of AC produced from DS were collected over a wide range of operating conditions: bed height = 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm, initial phenol concentration = 50, 100 and 150 ppm, flow rate = 23.3-141.5 ml/min and particle size = 0.45, 0.8, and 1.50 mm. It was found that adsorption kinetics of phenol can be very well represented by the pseudo-second order equation. The initial rate of adsorption (h) predicted from the pseudo-second order model, decreased with increasing particle diameter (d_p) as a result of higher interfacial surface area provided by particles with smaller d_p. The obtained breakthrough curves were very well fitted using an axial dispersion model (correlation coefficient of 0.997 or better), which enabled the determination of the axial dispersion coefficient and Peclet number (Pe). Additionally, breakthrough data were analyzed using the Equivalent Length of Unused Bed (LUB) approach. Defining the Fractional Equivalent Length of Unused Bed (FLUB) as LUB divided by the bed height it was found that FLUB can be correlated with Pe with fairly good accuracy using the relation: FLUB = e(-0.0713(Pe)) for the whole range of experimental parameters explored. It was also shown that the film mass transfer coefficient obtained from the analysis of breakthrough curves for small particle size and short bed at applicable conditions agreed fairly well with that obtained from mass transfer correlation available in literature. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Accuracy, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Agricultural By-Products, Analysis, Apple Pulp, Approach, Aqueous-Solutions, Breakthrough, Breakthrough Curves, Carbon, Chemical Activation, Coconut Shell, Concentration, Corn Cob, Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Data, Dates’ Stones, Dispersion, Dispersion Model, Experimental, Flow, Flow Rate, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Literature, Mass Transfer, Mass Transfer Coefficient, Mass-Transfer Coefficients, Model, Oil-Palm Stones, Operating Conditions, Packed Bed, Particle Size, Particles, Performance, Phase Adsorption, Phenol, Phenol Removal, Phosphoric-Acid, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order Model, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Rights, Size, Small, Surface, Surface Area, Transfer Coefficient, Waste

? Vismara, E., Melone, L., Gastaldi, G., Cosentino, C. and Torri, G. (2009), Surface functionalization of cotton cellulose with glycidyl methacrylate and its application for the adsorption of aromatic pollutants from wastewaters. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 798-808.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 798.pdf

Abstract: Cellulose material C1 was prepared by grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of Fenton-type reagent. This one-pot procedure provided C1 with glycidyl isobutyrate branches. Glycidyl epoxide ring opening with water turned C1-C2 material branched with glycerol isobutyrate. SO, C1 surface bears hydrophobic branches ending with the glycidyl group, while C2 surface presents hydrophilic branches ending with the glycerol group. The adsorption of aromatic polluting substances like phenol (Ph), 4-nitrophenol (pNPh), 2,4-dinitrophenol (dNPh). 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid. tNPh) and 2-naphtol (BN) from their water solutions was tested with C1, C2 and with the untreated cellulose material CO. Phenol adsorption did not occur. All the other aromatic molecules were removed in different amount both by C1 and C2. C1 and C2 showed different affinities towards nitrophenols and 2-naphtol. While C1 was much more effective for removing the hydrophobic 2-naphtol, C2 had higher adsorption capacity towards the hydrophilic nitrophenols, in agreement with their branches polarity, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 4-Nitrophenol, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Application, Aromatic Pollutants, Batch Reactor, C1, Capacity, Cellulose, Chlorophenols, Co, Cotton Filter, Dye Removal, Epoxide, Glycidyl Methacrylate, Grafting, Malachite Green, Models, Nitrophenols, Optimum Sorption Isotherm, P-Nitrophenol, Parameters, Phenol, Phenol Adsorption, Picric Acid, Pollutants, Procedure, Rights, Solutions, Surface, Surface Grafting, Wastewaters, Water

? Zhang, Q.R., Pan, B.C., Zhang, W.M., Pan, B.J., Lv, L., Wang, X.S., Wu, J. and Tao, X.C. (2009), Selective removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions from waters by an inorganic exchanger Zr(HPO₃S)₂. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2-3), 824-828.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat170, 824.pdf

Abstract: The present study reported synthesis of a new inorganic exchanger, i.e., zirconium hydrogen monothiophosphate [Zr(HPO₃S)₂, denoted ZrPS] and its selective sorption toward Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions. ZrPS sorption toward all the three metals is dependent upon solution pH due to the ion-exchange nature. As compared to another inorganic exchanger zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO₄S)₂, denoted ZrP], ZrPS exhibits highly selective sorption toward these toxic metals from the background of calcium ions at great levels. Such sorption preference is mainly attributed to the presence of -SH group in ZrPS, as further demonstrated by FT-IR analysis and XPS study. Moreover, ZrPS particles preloaded with heavy metals could be efficiently regenerated with 6 M HCl for multiple use without any noticeable capacity loss. All the experimental results indicated that ZrPS is a promising sorbent for enhanced heavy metals removal from contaminated water. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Bases, Capacity, Cation-Exchanger, Elsevier, FT-IR, FTIR, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metals, Hydrogen, Ion Exchange, Mechanism, Metals, Oxide, Particles, pH, Phosphate, Phosphonate Chemistry, Regeneration, Removal, Separation, Sorption, Surface, Titanium, Toxic Metals, Water, XPS, Zirconium-Phosphate, Zr(HPO₃S)₂

? Belessi, V., Romanos, G., Boukos, N., Lambropoulou, D. and Trapalis, C. (2009), Removal of Reactive Red 195 from aqueous solutions by adsorption on the surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Materials,