Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1180.pdf

Abstract: Activated carbon fiber prepared from cotton stalk was used as an adsorbent for the removal of p-nitroaniline (PNA) from aqueous solutions. Liquid phase adsorption experiments were conducted and the maximum adsorptive capacity was determined. The effect of experimental parameters such as pH, salinity and temperature on the adsorption was studied. The obtained experimental data were then fitted with the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson models to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The kinetics rates were modeled by using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. The results indicated that cotton stalk activated carbon fiber (CS-ACF) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of PNA from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of 406 mg g(-1) was achieved at the initial PNA concentration of 200 mg L(-1). The optimum pH for the removal of PNA was found to be 7.6. The presence of ammonium chloride proved to be favorable for the process of adsorption. The adsorption amount decreased with increasing temperature. The Redlich-Peterson model was found to best represent the equilibrium data. The kinetic data followed closely the pseudo-second-order equation. Thermodynamic study showed the adsorption was a spontaneous exothermic physical process. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 4-Nitroaniline, Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon Fiber, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Capacity, Chloride, Cloth, Copyright, Degradation, Dye, Equilibrium, Experimental, Fiber, Freundlich, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Model, Nitrophenol, Oxidation, p-Nitroaniline, pH, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Sorption, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Study, Water

? Park, H.J. and Na, C.K. (2009), Adsorption characteristics of anionic nutrients onto the PP-g-AA-Am non-woven fabric prepared by photoinduced graft and subsequent chemical modification. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1201-1209.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1201.pdf

Abstract: PP-g-AA-Am non-woven fabric, which possesses anionic exchangeable function, was prepared by chemical modification of carboxyl group in PP-g-AA non-woven fabric to amine group using diethylene triamine. Its sorption characteristics for anionic nutrients including isotherm, kinetics, effects of pH and co-anions, and regeneration efficiency were studied by batch sorption experiments. Sorption equilibriums of PO(4)-P on PP-g-AA-Am fabric were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, and their sorption energies were ranged between 9.94 and 15.96 kJ, mol indicating an ion exchange process as primary sorption mechanism. Sorption kinetic data fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and indicated that both external and intraparticle diffusion took part in sorption processes. The uptake of PO(4)-P by PP-g-AA-Am fabric increased with increasing pH of solution and its optimum pH region was in pH >= 4, whereas the uptake of NO(3)-N and NO(2)-N was higher in weak and strong acidic pH region, respectively. The sorption selectivity for anions by PP-g-AA-Am fabric was increased in the order: SO(4) >= PO(4) > NO(3) > Cl. The PP-g-AA-Am fabric could be regenerated by a simple acid washing process without lowering the sorption capacity or physical durability. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aluminum-Oxide, Anion Exchange, Anions, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Capacity, Diffusion, Goethite, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ion Exchange, Ion Selectivity, Ion-Exchange, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Mechanism, Methylene-Blue, Model, Modification, pH, Phosphate Adsorption, PP-g-AA-Am Non-Woven Fabric, Primary, Pseudo-Second-Order, Regeneration, Regeneration Efficiency, Removal, Sorption, Sorption Kinetic, Technologies, Uptake, Waste-Water Treatment

? Akar, T., Tosun, I., Kaynak, Z., Ozkara, E., Yeni, O., Sahin, E.N. and Akar, S.T. (2009), An attractive agro-industrial by-product in environmental cleanup: Dye biosorption potential of untreated olive pomace. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1217-1225.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1217.pdf

Abstract: This research deals with the evaluation of highly available and cost effective waste biomass of olive pomace for the removal of reactive textile dye. RR198 from aqueous medium and a real effluent. The experiments were conducted to assess the effects of process variables such as initial pH, biosorbent dosage,contact time, temperature and ionic strength. The results showed that the highest dye biosorption capacity was found at pH 2 and the needed time to reach the biosorption equilibrium was 40 min with a biosorbent concentration of 3.0 g L(-1). The sorption kinetics of dye was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models and the results from the isotherm studies showed that the RR198 biosorption process occurred on a homogenous surface of the biosorbent. The waste biomass of olive oil industry displayed biosorption capacities ranging from 6.05 x 10(-5) to 1.08 x 10(-4) mol g(-1) at different temperatures. The negative values of Delta G degrees and the positive value of Delta H degrees suggest that the biosorption process for RR198 was spontaneous and endothermic. Dye-biosorbent interactions were examined by FTIR and SEM analysis. Finally, high biosorption yield of olive waste for the removal of RR198 dye from real wastewater makes it possible that the olive pomace could be applied widely in wastewater treatment as biosorbent taking into account that no pretreatment on the solid residue is carried out. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Agricultural Waste, Analysis, Aqueous Medium, Aqueous-Solutions, Basic Dye, Biosorption, Capacity, Dye, Environmental, Equilibrium, Evaluation, Freundlich, FTIR, Industry, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Langmuir, Methylene-Blue, Model, Olive Waste, pH, Pseudo-Second-Order, Reactive Dye, Real Wastewater, Removal, Research, SEM, Sorption, Sorption Kinetics, Strength, Treatment, Waste Biomass, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment, ZnCl₂ Activation

? Huang, X., Liao, X.P. and Shi, B. (2009), Adsorption removal of phosphate in industrial wastewater by using metal-loaded skin split waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1261-1265.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1261.pdf

Abstract: Leather industry inevitably generates a large amount of skin split waste (SSW) due to the necessary operation of splitting in leather making process. in this study, two adsorbents, SSW-Fe and SSW-Al, were prepared by loading Fe(III) and Al(III) onto SSW. and their adsorption behaviors to phosphate in industrial wastewater were investigated through batch and column adsorption experiments. The macro-adsorption kinetics data obtained from batch experiments were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order rate model and the adsorption isotherms can be well described by the Langmuir equation. The adsorption behaviors of the columns can be well described by Yoon and Nelson model and the time at breakthrough point can be accurately predicted by this model. It was found that the metal-loaded adsorbents prepared by using SSW as supporting matrix can effectively remove phosphate from industrial wastewater. The leakage of metal ions during adsorption process is neglectable. These results indicate that the metal-loaded SSW adsorbents have a good future in practical application for the removal of phosphate from industrial wastewater. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Arsenic Adsorption, Carbon, Collagen, Column, Copyright, Fly-Ash, Hydroxide, Industrial Wastewater, Industry, Ions, Iron, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Leakage, Metal, Metal Ions, Metal-Loaded Adsorbent, Model, Phosphate, Phosphate Removal, Phosphorus Removal, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Skin Collagen, Solid Waste, Wastewater

? Vieira, A.P., Santana, S.A.A., Bezerra, C.W.B., Silva, H.A.S., Chaves, J.A.P., de Melo, J.C.R., da Silva, E.C. and Airoldi, C. (2009), Kinetics and thermodynamics of textile dye adsorption from aqueous solutions using babassu coconut mesocarp. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1272-1278.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1272.pdf

Abstract: Extracted babassu coconut (Orbignya speciosa) mesocarp (BCM) was applied as a biosorbent for aqueous Blue Remazol R160 (BR 160), Rubi S2G (R S2G), Red Remazol 511 (RR 5), Violet Remazol 5R (VR 5) and Indanthrene Olive Green (IOG) dye solutions. The natural sorbent was processed batchwise while varying several system parameters such as stirring time, pH and temperature. The interactions were assayed with respect to both pseudo-first-order and second-order reaction kinetics, with the latter the more suitable kinetic model. The maximum adsorption was obtained at pH 1.0 for all dyes due to available anionic groups attached to the structures, which can be justified by pH(pzc) 6.7 for the biosorbent BCM. The ability of babassu coconut mesocarp to adsorb dyes gave the order R S2G > VR 5 > BR 160 > IOG > RR 5, which data were best fit to Freundlich model, but did not well-adjusted for all dyes. The dye, biopolymer interactions at the solid, liquid interface are all spontaneous as given by free Gibbs energy, with exothermic enthalpic values of -26.1, -15.8, -17.8, -15.8 and -23.7 kJ mol(-1) for BR 160, R S2G, RR 5, IOG and VR 5, respectively. In spite of the negative entropic values contribution, the set of thermodynamic data is favorable for all dyes removal. However, the results pointed to the effectiveness of the mesocarp of babassu coconut as a biosorbent for removing textile dyes from aqueous solutions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Babassu Coconut, Chitosan, Color Removal, Contribution, Cu(II), Decolorization, Dye Textile, Effectiveness, Effluents, Energy, Freundlich, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Mesocarp, Model, Natural, pH, Pseudo-First-Order, Removal, Sorbent, Sorption, Textile Dyes, Thermodynamics

? Özdemir, G. and Yapar, S. (2009), Adsorption and desorption behavior of copper ions on Na-montmorillonite: Effect of rhamnolipids and pH. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1307-1313.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1307.pdf

Abstract: In this work, the effects of an anionic biosurfactant, rhamnolipid (RL), and pH on the adsorption and desorption of Cu(2+) ions on Na-montmorillonite were investigated. Adsorption studies were conducted through the addition of Cu(2+) to the dispersions containing pristine- and, or RL-modified clay. In the case of pristine clay, RL was also added simultaneously with the Cu(2+). The effect of pH was studied in the range between 1.0 and 8.0. The highest adsorption capacity was obtained at the pH of 4.7-4.8. Among the models including the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich isotherms; Langmuir isotherm gave a better fit to the experimental data. The most suitable fit for the adsorption kinetics of Cu(2+) was obtained with a pseudo-second-order model. It was determined that the adsorption capacity of the pristine clay is comparable with that of the activated carbon and the modification of clay with RL causes an increase in the adsorption rate due to the distribution of clay platelets in the solution. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption And Desorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Rate, Aqueous-Solutions, Behavior, Biosurfactant, Cadmium, Capacity, Clay, Contaminated Soils, Copper, Cu²⁺, Desorption, Experimental, Freundlich, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy-Metal Ions, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Model, Modification, Na-Montmorillonite, pH, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Rhamnolipids, Sodium-Montmorillonite, Sorption, Surfactant-Modified Montmorillonite, Thermodynamics

? Dizge, N., Demirbas, E. and Kobya, M. (2009), Removal of thiocyanate from aqueous solutions by ion exchange. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1367-1376.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1367.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of thiocyanate in aqueous solutions onto an anion-exchange resin (Purolite A-250) were investigated in a batch-mode operation to assess the possible use of this adsorbent. The effect of various parameters such as initial thiocyanate concentration, contact time, pH, particle size, resin dosage and temperature were studied. A comparison of four kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, second-order, Elovich and diffusion controlled kinetic models, on the thiocyanate-resin system was used to determine the rate constants and the adsorption mechanism. The kinetic results correlated well with pseudo-second-order model. The experimental parameters had also an effect on the pore and surface diffusivities. The optimum conditions for removal of thiocyanate were found to be pH 8,2 g, l of adsorbent dosage, 355-500 mu m of particle size and equilibrium time of 30 min, respectively. The column capacity and performance by the bed depth service time model using bed depth and flow rate as variables were evaluated. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity was calculated as 191.20 mg, g at 323 K. Thermodynamics parameters such as free Delta G(0), Delta H(0) and Delta S(0) for the adsorption were evaluated. The positive value of Delta H(0) indicated that the process was endothermic in nature. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Equilibrium, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Mechanism, Agricultural Solid-Waste, Anion Exchange, Anion-Exchange Resin, Biodegradation, Capacity, Coir Pith, Column, Cyanide, Depth, Diffusion, Electrosorption, Equilibrium, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherms, Ion Exchange, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms, Mechanism, Model, Ph, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Reactive Dye Adsorption, Removal, Thermodynamics, Thiocyanide Ions, Water

? Selvaraj, S., Saha, K.C., Chakraborty, A., Bhattacharyya, S.N. and Saha, A. (2009), Toxicity of free and various aminocarboxylic ligands sequestered copper(II) ions to Escherichia coli. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1403-1409.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1403.pdf

Abstract: Cytotoxicity of free Cu(II) ions and its complexes of EDTA, NTA or IDA in Escherichia coli (AB 4401) wild type cells were assessed by cell inactivation assay. In order to understand the toxic effects of these additives, membrane status by AFM vis-a-vis K⁺ ion efflux were followed in the absence and in the presence of Cu(II) ions or its complexes. This was coupled with the determinations of cellular copper concentrations by atomic absorption spectrometry. The observed results show that free copper ions are more cytotoxic and cause considerable plasma membrane damage compared to that of Cu-EDTA, Cu-NTA and Cu-IDA. Determination of cellular copper reveals that Cu²⁺ and Cu-NTA are able to enter inside the cells while Cu-EDTA and Cu-IDA fail to do that. This may be attributed to the electron affinity of free Cu²⁺ ions and Cu-NTA, which help in binding with histidine present in copper transport proteins. In addition to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity of free copper and its complexes were also assessed on E. coli isogenic DNA repair proficient and repair-deficient strains. In contrast to free Cu²⁺ ions, Cu-NTA does not cause any significant cytotoxicity but render greater genotoxicity. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Toxicity, Metal Complexes, Cell Inactivation, E. Coli, Copper Ions, Dissolved Organic-Matter, Dilute Aqueous-Solutions, Atomic-Force Microscopy, Oxidative DNA-Damage, Hydrogen-Peroxide, Plasma-Membrane, Pulse-Radiolysis, Cu(II) Ions, Fulvic-Acid, HL-60 Cells

? Ozdes, D., Gundogdu, A., Kemer, B., Duran, C., Senturk, H.B. and Soylak, M. (2009), Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by a waste mud from copper mine industry: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1480-1487.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1480.pdf

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the adsorption potential of a waste mud (WM) for the removal of lead (Pb(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. The WM was activated with NaOH in order to increase its adsorption capacity. Adsorption studies were conducted in a batch system as a function of solution pH, contact time, initial Pb(II) concentration, activated-waste mud (a-WM) concentration, temperature, etc. Optimum pH was specified as 4.0. The adsorption kinetic studies indicated that the overall adsorption process was best described by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of a-WM was obtained by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and both models fitted well. Adsorption capacity for Pb(II) was found to be 24.4 mg g(-1) for 10 g L(-1) of a-WM concentration. Thermodynamic parameters including the Gibbs free energy (Delta G degrees), enthalpy (Delta H degrees), and entropy (AS,) indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) ions on the a-WM was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic, at temperature range of 0-40 degrees C. Desorption studies were carried out successfully with diluted HCl solutions. The results indicate that a-WM can be used as an effective and no-cost adsorbent for the treatment of industrial wastewaters contaminated with Pb(II) ions. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption, Desorption, Biosorption, Cadmium(II), Capacity, Copper, Desorption, Energy, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Gibbs Free Energy, Heavy-Metals, Industry, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Kaolinite, Kinetic, Kinetic And Thermodynamic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Lead, Pb(II), Pb(II) Ions, pH, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Removal Of Lead Ions, Samples, Sorption, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Treatment, Waste Mud, Water

? Şengil, İ.A. and Özacar, M. (2009), Competitive biosorption of Pb²⁺ Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions onto valonia tannin resin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1488-1494.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1488.pdf

Abstract: Competitive biosorption of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ on valonia tannin resin (VTR) present in binary and ternary mixture were compared with the single metal solution. The effects of the presence of one metal ion on the biosorption of the other metal ion were investigated in terms of equilibrium isotherm and biosorption yield. Experimental results indicated that the uptake capacity and biosorption yield of one metal ion were reduced by the presence of the other metal ion. The extent of adsorption capacity of the binary and ternary metal ions tested on VTR was low (18-80%) as compared to single metal ions. Comparisons between biosorption of Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions by the biomass of VTR in the binary and ternary solution could lead to the conclusion that biosorption of Pb²⁺ ions was preferential to that of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions. VTR removed the target metal ions in the selectivity order of Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺. The biosorption equilibrium data for the single metal solutions fitted the Langmuir model well. Results show that the pseudo-second-order equation provides the best correlation for the biosorption process in the single-ion system. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Valonia Tannin Resin, Chemical Modification, Metal Ions, Competitive Sorption, Natural Condensed Tannin, Metal-Complex Dyes, Adsorption Mechanism, Ternary Biosorption, Heavy-Metals, Pine Sawdust, Gel, Cadmium(II), Lead(II), Sorption

? Mohapatra, M., Rout, K., Mohapatra, B.K. and Anand, S. (2009), Sorption behavior of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on iron ore slime and characterization of metal ion loaded sorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1506-1513.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1506.pdf

Abstract: The present investigation evaluates the sorption effectiveness of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions on iron ore slime (IOS) obtained from Jindal Steel Ltd., Vijayanagaram, India. The sorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics for both the cations. Pb(II) and Cd(II) sorption increased with the increase in pH from 2 to 4.5. The sorption data fitted well to Freundlich model as compared to Langmuir model. Synergistic effect of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on their sorption on IOS sample showed that Pb(II) sorption increases in presence of Cd(II) whereas Cd(II) sorption decreases. Presence of chloride or sulphate resulted in increased Pb(II) sorption but adversely affected Cd(II) sorption. The XRD patterns of Pb(II) adsorbed on IOS sample showed disappearance of some silica peaks and shifting of hematite peaks corresponding to 10 4 and I 10 plane. For Cd(II) sorbed IOS sample, only peak shift for hematite of 104 and 110 plane was observed. Shifting of IR bands indicated that the Pb(II) sorption occurred through an inner sphere mechanism where as Cd(II) sorption occurred through outer sphere mechanism. EPMA studies showed that Pb(II) form a uniform thin layer and Cd(II) concentrate only on iron oxide phase. Regeneration and stability data on metal ion loaded IOS sample has been included. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Iron Ore Slime, Sorption, Isotherms, Kinetics, IR, EPMA, TCLP, Adsorption, Removal, Oxide, Zinc, Lead, Chemistry, Goethite, Kinetics, Cadmium, Nickel

? Aroua, M.K., Yin, C.Y., Lim, F.N., Kan, W.L. and Daud, W.M.A.W. (2009), Effect of impregnation of activated carbon with chelating polymer on adsorption kinetics of Pb²⁺. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166 (2-3), 1526-1529.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat166, 1526.pdf

Abstract: The effects of polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation on the Ph2+ adsorption kinetics of palm shell-activated carbon and pH profile of bulk solution were investigated. Adsorption data were fitted to four established adsorption kinetics models, namely, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich equation and intraparticle diffusion. It was found that PEI impregnation at 16.68 and 29.82 wt% PEI/AC increased the Pb2+ uptake rate while the opposite was observed for PEI impregnation at 4.76 and 8.41 wt% PEI/AC. The increased uptake rates were due to higher concentration of PEI molecules on the surface of clogged pores as well as varying pore volumes. The adsorption kinetics data fitted the pseudo-second-order model better than the pseudo-first-order model, implying chemisorption was the rate-controlling step. The bulk solution pH generally showed an increasing trend from the use of virgin to PEI-impregnated activated carbon. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Kinetics, Aqueous-Solutions, Carbon, Chemisorption, Diffusion, Elovich, Elovich Equation, Equation, Impregnation, Ion-Selective Electrode, Kinetics, Lead(II), Model, Models, Molecules, Palm Shell-Activated Carbon, Pb²⁺, pH, Polyethyleneimine, Polyethyleneimine, Polymer, Pore, Pseudo Second Order, Removal, Sorption, Trend, Uptake

? Demirbas, A. (2009), Agricultural based activated carbons for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167 (1-3), 1-9.

Full Text: 2009\J Haz Mat167, 1.pdf

Abstract: This review evaluates a number of different agricultural waste adsorbents and types of dyes. Certain wastewater containing different dye contaminants causes serious environmental problems. Recently, growing research interest in the production of carbon based has been focused on agricultural by-products. Low cost adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes have demonstrated outstanding capabilities for the removal of dyes from wastewater. Therefore, low cost agricultural waste adsorbents can be viable alternatives to activated carbon for the treatment of contaminated wastewater. The use of cheap and eco-friendly adsorbents have been studied as an alternative substitution of activated carbon for the removal dyes from wastewater. The dye adsorption capacities of agricultural waste adsorbents vary, depending on the characteristics of the individual adsorbent, the extent of surface modification and the initial concentration of adsorbate. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Dye, Activated Carbon, Activated Carbons, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Agricultural, Agricultural By-Products, Agricultural Waste, Agricultural Wastes, Alternative, Alternatives, Aqueous Solutions, Basic Dye, Biomass Conversion Processes, Carbon, Characteristics, Coir Pith, Concentration, Contaminants, Cost, Dye, Dye Adsorption, Dyes, Environmental, Environmental Problems, Liquid-Phase Adsorption, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbents, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Methylene-Blue, Modification, Oil Palm Shell, Removal, Removal of Dyes, Research, Response-Surface Methodology, Review, Rights, Solutions, Substitution, Surface, Surface Modification, Textile Waste-Water, Treatment, Waste, Wastewater

? Miretzky, P. and Cirelli, A.F. (2009), Hg(II) removal from water by chitosan and chitosan derivatives: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials,