Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 770.pdf

Abstract: In the present work the use of a coupled process, soil washing and photo-Fenton oxidation, was investigated for remediation of a soil contaminated with p.p’-DDT (DDT) and p.p’-DDE (DDE), and a soil artificially contaminated with diesel. In the soil washing experiments,Triton X-100(TX-100) aqueous solutions were used at different concentrations to obtain wastewaters with different compositions. Removal efficiencies of 66% (DDT). 80% (DDE) and 100% (diesel) were achieved for three sequential washings using a TX-100 solution strength equivalent to 12 times the effective critical micelle concentration of the surfactant (12 CMCeff). The wastewater obtained was then treated using a solar photo-Fenton process. After 6 h irradiation, 99, 95 and 100% degradation efficiencies were achieved for DDT, DDE and diesel, respectively. In all experiments, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon decreased by at least 95%, indicating that residual concentration of contaminants and/or TX-100 in the wastewater was very low. The co-extraction of metals was also evaluated. Among the metals analyzed (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu. Cd, Mn and Co), only Cr and Mn were detected in the wastewater at concentrations above the maximum value permitted by current Brazilian legislation. The effective removal of contaminants from soil by the TX-100 washing process, together with the high degradation efficiency of the solar photo-Fenton process, suggests that this procedure could be a useful option for soil remediation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aqueous Solutions, Biosurfactant, Contaminated Soil, Ddt, Degradation, Fuels, Heavy-Metals, Hydrogen-Peroxide, Organochlorine, Oxidation, Pesticides, Remediation, Removal, Site, Soil, Soil Remediation, Sorption, System, Triton X-100, Wastewater

? Dai, Y.J., Mihara, Y., Tanaka, S., Watanabe, K. and Terui, N. (2010), Nitrobenzene-adsorption capacity of carbon materials released during the combustion of woody biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 776-781.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 776.pdf

Abstract: The present study investigated the adsorptive ability of carbon materials (C1 and C2) released during the combustion of woody biomass. The physical and chemical properties, adsorption dynamics and adsorption isotherms of the adsorbents were compared with those of commercially available carbon that was powdered and activated. The percent nitrobenzene adsorption from an aqueous solution (nitrobenzene: 50 mg/L) after 3 h of adsorption using C1 was 92% compared with 81% when using the activated carbon powder. The saturated adsorption amounts of nitrobenzene were 294 mg/g for C1 and 344 mg/g for the activated carbon powder. However, the adsorption equilibrium constant for C1 was approximately 7-fold greater than that of the activated carbon powder. The methylene blue-adsorption capacity of C1 was similar to nitrobenzene adsorption. Thus, the results of the present study confirm that the carbon material resulting from the combustion of woody biomass is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent for nitrobenzene. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherms, Aqueous-Solution, Aromatic-Compounds, Biodegradation, Biomass, Carbon Materials, Catalyzed Ozonation, Degradation, Equilibrium, Hydrophobicity, Isotherms, Methylene-Blue, Modified Activated Carbons, Nitrobenzene, Removal, Sewage-Sludge, Water, Woody Biomass Combustion

? Humelnicu, D., Bulgariu, L. and Macoveanu, M. (2010), On the retention of uranyl and thorium ions from radioactive solution on peat moss. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 782-787.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 782.pdf

Abstract: The efficiency of the radioactive uranyl and thorium ions on the peat moss from aqueous solutions has been investigated under different experimental conditions. The sorption and desorption of uranyl and thorium ions on three types (unmodified peat moss, peat moss treated with HNO3 and peat moss treated with NaOH) of peat moss were studied by the static method. Peat moss was selected as it is available in nature, in any amount, as a cheap and accessible sorbent. Study on desorption of such ions led to the conclusion that the most favourable desorptive reagent for the uranyl ions is Na₂CO₃ 1 M while, for the thorium ions is HCl 1 M. The results obtained show that the parameters here under investigation exercise a significant effect on the sorption process of the two ions. Also, the investigations performed recommend the peat moss treated with a base as a potential sorbent for the uranyl and thorium ions from a radioactive aqueous solution. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Aqueous, Aqueous-Solutions, Biosorption, Desorption, Elsevier, Heavy-Metals, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Peat, Peat Moss, Removal, Retention, Solutions, Sorption, Thermodynamic Behavior, Thorium Ions, Uranium, Uranyl Ions, Waste, Water

? Ashournia, M. and Aliakbar, A. (2010), Determination of Se(IV) in natural waters by adsorptive stripping voltammetry of 5-nitropiazselenol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 788-794.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 788.pdf

Abstract: The high tendency of 5-nitropiazselenol for self-accumulation on thin mercury film electrode was used innovatively for determination of Se(IV) in natural waters. 5-Nitropiazselenol was formed by reaction between Se(IV) and 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine in acidic solution and self-accumulation process was carried out directly from reaction media. The adsorbed 5-nitropiazselenol was stripped in HCl solution by DP cathodic potential scan. All parameters influencing the measurement were optimized and evaluated. Detection limit of this method is 0.06 ng mL(-1). Interferences of various cations and anions were studied. The adsorption tendency of some other piazselenols made by some aromatic ortho-diamines was also investigated. The problems arising from applying potential during accumulation process in natural waters analysis were discussed. This method was applied for determination of Se(IV) in natural waters collected from some internationally registrated lagoons south of Caspian Sea. The obtained results were compared with the results of ICP-AES and DPCSV after electrochemical preconcentration. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 5-Nitropiazselenol, Adsorption, Adsorption Of Piazselenols, Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry, Analysis, Antimony, Derivatives, Determination, Electrode, Gas-Chromatography, ICP-AES, Milk, Phenylenediamine, Preconcentration, Samples, Selenium, Selenium In Caspian Sea, Selenium In Natural Waters, Spectrometry

? Reddy, D.H.K., Seshaiah, K., Reddy, A.V.R., Rao, M.M. and Wang, M.C. (2010), Biosorption of Pb²⁺ from aqueous solutions by Moringa oleifera bark: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 831-838.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 831.pdf

Abstract: Biosorption of Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution by biomass prepared from Moringa oleifera bark (MOB), an agricultural solid waste has been studied. Parameters that influence the biosorption such as pH, biosorbent dose, contact time and concentration of metal ion were investigated. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data were tested by four widely used two-parameter equations, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) and Temkin isotherms. Results indicated that the data of Pb²⁺ adsorption onto MOB were best fit by the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity (Q(m)) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 34.6 mg Pb²⁺ g^-1 at an initial pH of 5.0. Adsorption kinetics data were analyzed using the pseudo-first-, pseudo-second-order equations and intraparticle diffusion models. The results indicated that the adsorption kinetic data were best described by pseudo-second-order model. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis revealed that the lead ions were chelated to hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functional groups present on the surface of MOB. Biosorbent was effective in removing lead in the presence of common metal ions like Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ present in water. Desorption studies were carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid for quantitative recovery of the metal ion as well as to regenerate the adsorbent. Based on the results obtained such as good uptake capacity, rapid kinetics, and its low cost, M. oleifera bark appears to be a promising biosorbent material for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater/effluents. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetic, Adsorption Kinetics, Agricultural, Agricultural Solid Waste, Analysis, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous Solutions, Biomass, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Capacity, Concentration, Cost, Data, Desorption, Diffusion, Equilibrium, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Model, Functional Groups, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy-Metals, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ions, IR, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Lead, Lead, Low Cost, Mercury, Metal, Metal Ions, Model, Models, Moringa oleifera, Moringa oleifera Bark, Na⁺, Pb²⁺, Pb²⁺ Adsorption, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, Recovery, Removal, Rights, Solid Waste, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Spectral Analysis, Sugar-Beet Pulp, Surface, Uptake, Waste, Water

? Karaoğlu, M.H. and Uğurlu, M. (2010), Studies on UV/NaOCl/TiO₂/Sep photocatalysed degradation of Reactive Red 195. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 864-871.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 864.pdf

Abstract: The photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Red 195 (RR195) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions by using ultraviolet (UV), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and TiO₂/Sep nanoparticles together. To get the TiO₂/Sep nanoparticle, the nanocrystalline TiO₂ anatase phase on sepiolite was obtained using a sufficient thermal treatment by gradually increasing the temperature from 300, 400 and 500 degrees C for 3 h. Then, TiO₂/Sep materials were characterized using different spectral and technical structural analyses with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of pH, catalyst amount, oxidant and initial dye concentration was investigated in all the experiments. Maximum colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were 99.9% and 78% respectively, at a dye concentration of 250 mg L-1. NaOCl dosage of 50.37 mM, 0.1 g L-1 weight of TiO₂/Sep and pH of 5.45 in 3 h. In addition, the pseudo-first order model was applied and r(2) values were noted from 0.92 to 0.99. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD, Decolorization, Degradation, Dye, Hydrogen-Peroxide, Lignin, Nanoparticles, Oxidation, pH, Photocatalytic Degradation, Photodegradation, Reactive Red 195, Removal, Sem, Sepiolite, Sepiolite, TiO₂, TiO₂, Treatment, UV, Waste-Water, Weight, X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, XRD

? Ko, J.H., Musson, S. and Townsend, T. (2010), Destruction of trichloroethylene during hydration of calcium oxide. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 876-879.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 876.pdf

Abstract: Quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) is often used as part of soil cleanup operations to remove contaminants or to create more favorable physical soil conditions for treatment. The extent to which quicklime chemically reacts with trichloroethylene (TCE) was evaluated by reacting CaO with a TCE-water mixture in test vessels designed to minimize volatilization loss. The impact of excess water and the presence of air were evaluated. During the hydration of CaO, a fraction of the spiked TCE was destroyed, and several different byproducts were detected (chloride and several organic chemicals). The primary organic byproduct was dichloroacetylene (DCA). In the presence of air, the degradation of DCA resulted in the formation of perchloroethylene (PCE), hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCDE), and chloroacetylene (CA). The maximum amount of TCE degradation occurred with a CaO/H2O ratio of 1:1 in the presence of air. The formation of DCA was hindered by the presence of excess water. In the presence of excess water (a CaO/H2O ratio of 1:2) the detected byproducts accounted for less than 4% of the total chlorine originally spiked as TCE. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Adsorption, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Degradation, Dichloroacetylene, Quicklime, Quicklime, Soil, Soil Remediation, TCE, Treatment, Trichloroethylene, Ultrafine Nanoscale Particles, Water

? Rivera-Utrilla, J., Sanchez-Polo, M., Prados-Joya, G., Ferro-Garcia, M.A. and Bautista-Toledo, I. (2010), Removal of tinidazole from waters by using ozone and activated carbon in dynamic regime. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174 (1-3), 880-886.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat174, 880.pdf

Abstract: The main objective of the present study was to analyze the efficacy of technologies based on ozone and activated carbon in dynamic regime to remove organic micropollutants from waters. using the antibiotic tinidazole (TNZ) as a model compound. Results obtained in static regime show that the presence of activated carbon (GAC) during tinidazole ozonation: (i) increases its removal rate, (II) reduces oxidation by-product toxicity, and (iii) reduces the concentration of dissolved organic matter. Study of the ozone/activated carbon system in dynamic regime showed that ozonation of tinidazole before the adsorption process considerably improves column performance, increasing the volume of water treated. It was observed that the efficacy of the treatment considerably increased with a shorter contact time between TNZ and O-3 streams before entering the column allowing a much higher volume of TNZ solution to be treated compared with the use of activated carbon alone, and reducing by 75% the amount of activated carbon required per unit of treated water volume. TNZ removal by the O-3/GAC system is lower in natural waters and especially in wastewaters, than in ultrapure water. The toxicity results obtained during TNZ treatment with O-3/GAC system showed that toxicity was directly proportional to the concentration of TNZ in the effluent, verifying that oxidation of the organic matter in the natural waters did not increase the toxicity of the system. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Advanced Oxidation Processes, Contact Time, Decomposition, Drinking-Water, Dynamic Conditions, GAC, Kinetics, Natural Organic-Matter, OH-Radicals, Oxidation, Ozone, Pharmaceuticals, Promoted Ozonation, Removal, System, Tinidazole, Toxicity, Treatment, Waste-Water, Water

? Foo, K.Y. and Hameed, B.H. (2010), Detoxification of pesticide waste via activated carbon adsorption process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175 (1-3), 1-11.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat175, 1.pdf

Abstract: Concern about environmental protection has increased over the years from a global viewpoint. To date, the percolation of pesticide waste into the groundwater tables and aquifer systems remains an aesthetic issue towards the public health and food chain interference. With the renaissance of activated carbon, there has been a consistent growing interest in this research field. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state of art review of pesticide agrochemical practice, its fundamental characteristics, background studies and environmental implications. Moreover, the key advance of activated carbon adsorption, its major challenges together with the future expectation are Summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbon adsorption represents a plausible and powerful circumstance, leading to the superior improvement of environmental preservation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Atrazine, Biological Control, Cloth, Detoxification, Drinking-Water Production, Electrosorption, High-Area, Pesticide, Pretreatment, Removal, Research, Surface-Water

? Garavaglia, L., Cerdeira, S.B. and Vullo, D.L. (2010), Chromium (VI) biotransformation by - and -Proteobacteria from natural polluted environments: A combined biological and chemical treatment for industrial wastes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175 (1-3), 104-110.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat175, 104.pdf

Abstract: The high solubility of Cr(VI) in aqueous systems, together with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on living organisms, make industrial effluents receive specific treatments for Cr(VI) elimination. Biotreatments, based on biotransformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is immobilized as Cr(OH)(3), are the most effective methods for the removal of Cr(VI) concentrations below 2 mM. The aim of our study is the application of pure or mixed bacterial cultures for Cr(VI) biotransformation followed by chemical flocculation of Cr(OH)(3) as a combined treatment for industrial wastes. Pseudomonas veronii 2E, Delftia acidovorans AR, Klebsiella oxytoca P2 and Klebsiella ornithinolytica 1P, isolated from polluted environments showed a decrease from 38.83 to 74.32%, in 0.05 mM of initial Cr(VI). As revealed DGGE experiments, A veronii 2E and K. ornithinolytica 1P could develop together in cocultures and in these conditions a 72,88% of Cr(VI) present was removed. Although the pH of the cultures was 8, no Cr(OH)(3) sediment was detected. The results of total chromium quantification support this observation. The precipitation of Cr(III) was induced using different commercial flocculants. Best yields were obtained using Na2CO3 0.1 M, which allowed the flocculation of almost 100% of Cr(III) present. This combined treatment would be an economical and ecological way to remove Cr(VI). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Bioremediation, Biosorption, Cell-Free-Extract, Chromate Reduction, Chromium, Contaminated Sites, Cr(VI), Cr(VI) Biotransformation, Dgge, Dichromate, Hexavalent Chromium, Industrial Effluents, Industrial Waste Biotreatment, pH, Pseudomonas Veronii, Removal, Resistant-Bacteria, Sediment, Soil, Treatment

? Tao, W.H., Li, A.M., Long, C., Qian, H.M., Xu, D.J. and Chen, J. (2010), Adsorption of 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acids from aqueous solution onto poly(2-vinylpyridine) resin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175 (1-3), 111-116.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat175, 111.pdf

Abstract: In the present study, the performance, behavior and mechanism of synthetic poly(2-vinylpyridine) resin (WH-225) adsorbing 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acids (SIPA) from the aqueous solution were investigated. and two commercial adsorbents, namely, hypercrosslinked adsorbent NDA-100 and macroporous adsorbent XAD-4 were employed as reference. Compared to NDA-100 and XAD-4, WH-225 has the highest capacity for adsorbing SIPA from the aqueous solution, which is verified by the related adsorption experiments. The investigation indicated that electrostatic interaction is an important factor in affecting the adsorption behavior of WH-225. The Freundlich isotherm equation was Successfully applied to describe the adsorption isotherms. The negative values of the adsorptive enthalpy changes indicate an exothermic process for WH-225, and the absolute values (< 43 kJ mol(-1)) further manifest a physical adsorption process. The column adsorption and desorption tests further proved WH-225 is a promising adsorbent for field applications to remove and recover aromatic acids (e.g. SIPA) from aqueous solution. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 5-Sodiosulfoisophthalic Acids, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Desorption, Electrostatic Interaction, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Isotherm, Isotherms, Organic Pollutants, Phenols, Poly(2-Vinylpyridine) Resin, Polymeric Adsorbent, Removal, Sipa, Sorption, Water

? Chatterjee, S.K., Bhattacharjee, I. and Chandra, G. (2010), Biosorption of heavy metals from industrial waste water by Geobacillus thermodenitrificans. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175 (1-3), 117-125.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat175, 117.pdf

Abstract: The metal binding capacity of the thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus thermodenitrificans isolated from Damodar river, India was assessed using synthetic metal solutions and industrial wastewater. Biosorption preference of dead biomass of G. thermodenitrificans for the synthetic metal solutions was in the following order Fe+3 > Cr+3 > Co+2 > Cu+2 > Zn+2 > Cd+2 > Ag+ > Pb+2. It reduced the concentration of Fe+3 (91.31%), Cr+3 (80.80%), Co+2 (79.71%), Cu+2 (57.14%), Zn+2 (55.14%), Cd+2 (49.02%), Ag+ (43.25%) and Pb+2 (36.86%) at different optimum pH within 720 min. When this strain was applied in the industrial waste water biosorption preference was in the following order Fe+3 > Cr+3 > Cd+2 > Pb+2 > Cu+2 > Co+2 > Zn+2 > Ag+ and concentrations reduced up to 43.94% for Fe+3, 39.2% for Cr+3, 35.88% for Cd+2, 18.22% for Pb+2, 13.03% for Cu+2, 11.43% for Co+2, 9.02% for Zn+2 and 7.65% for Ag+ within 120 min. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Accumulation, Aqueous-Solutions, Bacteria, Biomass, Biosorption, Cadmium Removal, Cd Biosorption, Copper, Effluents, Geobacillus Thermodenitrificans, Heavy Metals, India, Industrial Wastewater, Lead, Nickel, pH, Pollution, Wastewater, Water

? Nasuha, N., Hameed, B.H. and Din, A.T.M. (2010), Rejected tea as a potential low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Methylene blue. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175 (1-3), 126-132.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat175, 126.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution using a low-cost adsorbent, rejected tea (RT), has been studied by batch adsorption technique. The adsorption experiments were carried out under different conditions of initial concentration (50-500 mg/L), solution pH 3-12, RT dose (0.05-1 g) and temperature (30-50ºC). The equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and the equilibrium adsorption was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities found to be 147, 154 and 156 mg/g at 30, 40 and 50ºC, respectively. Three kinetic models, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion were employed to describe the adsorption mechanism. The experimental results showed that the pseudo-second-order equation is the best model that describes the adsorption behavior with the coefficient of correlation R² ≥ 0.99. The results suggested that RT has high potential to be used as effective adsorbent for MB removal. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Mechanism, Agricultural Waste, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Batch Adsorption, Behavior, Carbons, Concentration, Correlation, Data, Diffusion, Dye, Equilibrium, Experimental, Experiments, Freundlich, Intraparticle Diffusion, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbent, Low-Cost Adsorbent, Mar, Mb, Mechanism, Methylene Blue, Model, Models, Monolayer, pH, Potential, Powder, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Equation, Rejected Tea, Removal, Rights, Solution, Sorption, Temperature, Waters

? Salman, J.M. and Hameed, B.H. (2010), Effect of preparation conditions of oil palm fronds activated carbon on adsorption of bentazon from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175 (1-3), 133-137.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat175, 133.pdf

Abstract: Oil palm fronds (OPF) were used to prepare activated carbon (PFAC) using physiochemical activation method, which consisted of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment and carbon dioxide gasification. The effects of the preparation variables, which were activation temperature, activation time and chemical impregnation ratios (KOH: char by weight), on the carbon yield and bentazon removal were investigated. Based on the central composite design (CCD), two factor interaction (2FI) and quadratic models were, respectively, employed to correlate the PFAC preparation variables to the bentazon removal and carbon yield. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from OPF were found as follows: activation temperature of 850 degrees C, activation time of I h and KOH:char ratio of 3.75:1. The predicted and experimental results for removal of bentazon and yield of PFAC were 99.85%, 20.5 and 98.1%, 21.6%, respectively. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 2,4-D, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Analysis, Aqueous Solutions, Bentazon, Chemical Activation, Degradation, Oil Palm Fronds, Optimization, Oxidation, Removal, Treatment, Weight

? Mui, E.L.K., Cheung, W.H. and McKay, G. (2010), Tyre char preparation from waste tyre rubber for dye removal from effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials,