Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 512.pdf

Abstract: This research was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of lanthanum hydroxide for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. A batch sorption experiments were conducted to study the influence of various factors such as pH, presence of competing anions, contact time, initial fluoride concentration and temperature on the sorption of fluoride on lanthanum hydroxide. The optimum fluoride removal was observed in the pH(eq) <= 7.5. The presence of competing anions showed no adverse effect on fluoride removal. The equilibrium data reasonably fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum monolayer sorption capacity was found to be 242.2 mg/g at pH <= 7.5 and 24.8 mg/g at pH(eq)>10.0. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model described well the kinetic data, and resulted in the activation energy of 53.4-68.8 kj/mol. It was suggested that the overall rate of fluoride sorption is likely to be controlled by the chemical process. Thermodynamic parameters such as Delta G degrees, Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees indicated that the nature of fluoride sorption is spontaneous and endothermic. The used lanthanum hydroxide could be regenerated by washing with NaOH solution. Results from this study demonstrate the potential usability of lanthanum hydroxide as a good fluoride selective sorbent. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Keywords: Activated Alumina, Activation, Activation Energy, Adsorption-Kinetics, Anions, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous Solutions, Batch, Capacity, Chemical, Chitosan Beads, Competing Anions, Concentration, Data, Defluoridation, Drinking-Water, Endothermic, Energy, Enhanced Fluoride Sorption, Equilibrium, Experiments, Feasibility, Fluoride, Fluoride Removal, Fly-Ash, Ion-Exchange-Resin, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Modeling, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Lanthanum, Lanthanum Hydroxide, Mixed-Oxide, Model, Monolayer, NaOH, NOV, pH, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model, Removal, Research, Solution, Solutions, Sorbent, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Sorption Isotherms, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Usability, Waste-Water

? Neagu, V. and Mikhalovsky, S. (2010), Removal of hexavalent chromium by new quaternized crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridines). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 533-540.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 533.pdf

Abstract: New quaternized crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridines) prepared by nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-vinylpyridine: divinylbenzene copolymers of gel and porous structure with halogenated compounds such as benzyl chloride and 2-chloracetone, were used to remove Cr(VI) from the aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to determine the effect of the initial concentration of Cr(VI), pH, temperature and the presence of sulfate anions. The process was found to be pH and concentration dependent. The adsorption capacities increase with the increase of the initial concentration of Cr(V1) and both resins exhibited the degrees of usage of the exchange capacities higher than 90% and good efficiency in the chromium removal. Equilibrium modeling of the process of Cr(VI) removal was carried out by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The experimental data obeyed these isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters (free energy change ΔG, enthalpy change ΔS and entropy change ΔH) for the adsorption have been evaluated and therefore, it was showed the spontaneous and endothermic process of the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the pyridine resins. In the competitive adsorption studies, chromate/sulfate revealed the selectivity of the pyridine adsorbents towards chromium ions. At acidic pH the synthesized pyridine resins offer much greater chromate removal capacities compared to alkaline pH. In the competitive adsorption studies, chromate/sulfate revealed the selectivity of the pyridine adsorbents towards chromium ions due to the formation a sandwich arrangement with the chromium anion and functional groups attached to the quaternary nitrogen atom. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Capacities, Anion Exchangers, Anion-Exchange Resins, Anions, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch Adsorption, Chloride, Chromate, Chromate Ion-Exchange, Chromium, Chromium Ions, Chromium Removal, Competitive, Competitive Adsorption, Concentration, Copolymers, Cr(VI), Cr(VI) Removal, Data, Efficiency, Endothermic, Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, Equilibrium, Experimental, Freundlich, Functional Groups, Gel, Hexavalent Chromium, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Isotherms, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir And Freundlich Isotherms, Modeling, Models, Nitrogen, NOV, pH, Pyridine, Quaternized Poly(4-Vinylpyridine), Removal, Resins, Rights, Selectivity, Solution, Sorption, Structure, Substitution, Sulfate, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Waste-Water

? Xia, K.S., Ferguson, R.Z., Losier, M., Tchoukanova, N., Bruning, R. and Djaoued, Y. (2010), Synthesis of hybrid silica materials with tunable pore structures and morphology and their application for heavy metal removal from drinking water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 554-564.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 554.pdf

Abstract: Porous silica materials S8, S12, S16, and SBA with controllable pore structures and morphology were synthesized by varying the type or alkyl chain length of the surfactant. Diverse amino-functionalized organic-inorganic hybrid porous materials were then prepared by post-grafting. Depending on the relation between the pore diameter of the porous silica materials and the size and content of the moiety to be grafted, the functionalized materials exhibited varying degrees of decline of structure properties, i.e. regular arrangement of pores, specific surface area, pore size, and pore volume. The hybrid silica materials have been employed as heavy metal ions adsorbents from simulated drinking water at room temperature. The results indicated that the diverse pore structures and different amino group densities influence the heavy metal ions adsorption of functionalized silicas significantly. The best adsorbent was found to be monoamino-functionalized silica S16-1N, which could effectively remove heavy metal Cd(II), Pb(II), Fe(III), as well as Mn(II). The good performance can be attributed to the accessibility of effective amino groups in the pores, as well as the suitable pore structure with high specific surface area of 728 m(2)/g and total pore volume of 0.34 cm(3)/g. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Amine, Capture, Cations, Design, Drinking Water, Functionalized Mesoporous Silica, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy Metals, Ions Adsorption, MCM-41, Metal Ions, Metal Removal, Monolayers, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid, Pb(II), Pore, Pore Structure, Porous Silica, Regular, Removal, Silica, Waste-Water, Water

? Li, Y.H., Du, Q.J., Wang, X.D., Zhang, P., Wang, D.C., Wang, Z.H. and Xia, Y.Z. (2010), Removal of lead from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera by zinc chloride activation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 583-589.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 512.pdf

Abstract: Activated carbon was prepared from Enteromorpha prolifera (EP) by zinc chloride activation. The physicochemical properties of EP-activated carbon (EPAC) were characterized by thermal stability, zeta potential and Boehm titration methods. The examination showed that EPAC has a porous structure with a high surface area of 1688 m²/g. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of various parameters such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature on Pb(II) ions adsorption properties by EPAC. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption data followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The isotherm analysis indicated that the adsorption data can be represented by Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Activation, Activated Carbon, Activation, Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dosage, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Properties, Analysis, Aqueous Solution, Batch Adsorption, Biosorption, Carbon, Chloride, Data, Endothermic, Enteromorpha Prolifera, Euphorbia-Rigida, Examination, Experiments, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Freundlich Isotherm Model, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Studies, Kinetics, Lead, Methods, Model, Nov, Pb(II), Pb(II) Ions, Pb(II) Ions Adsorption, pH, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Shell, Solution, Stability, Structure, Sulfuric-Acid, Surface, Surface Area, Tamarind-Wood, Temperature, Thermal Stability, Thermodynamic, Waste-Water, Zeta Potential, Zinc, Zinc Chloride

? Bleiman, N. and Mishael, Y.G. (2010), Selenium removal from drinking water by adsorption to chitosan-clay composites and oxides: Batch and columns tests. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 590-595.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 509.pdf

Abstract: Polymer-clay composites were designed to adsorb selenium from water. The highest adsorption efficiency was obtained for chitosan-montmorillonite composites. These composites were characterized by XRD, zeta potential, and FOR measurements. Adsorption isotherms of selenate on the composite, on Aloxide and on Fe-oxide were in good agreement with the Langmuir model, yielding a somewhat higher capacity for the composite, 18.4, 17.2 and 8.2 mg/g, respectively. In addition, adsorption by the composite was not pH dependent while its adsorption by the oxides decreased at high pH. Selenium removal from well water (closed due to high selenium concentrations, 0.1 mg/L) by the composite, brought levels to below the WHO limit (0.01 mg/L) and was selective for selenium even in the presence of sulfur (13 mg/L). Selenium adsorption by the composite was higher than by the Al-oxide due to high adsorption of sulfur by the later. Unlike employment in batch AI-oxide is more suitable for employment in filtration columns due to its high hydraulic conductivity. A semi-pilot columns experiment demonstrated selenium removal from the well water below the recommended limit (first 400 pore volumes) by Al-oxide columns. Regeneration of Al-oxide and of the composite was studied and readsorption of selenium was demonstrated. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Aluminum Oxides, Aluminum-Oxide, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Chitosan-Clay Composites, Drinking Water, Hydroxides, Iron-Oxides, Isotherms, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Mechanisms, Montmorillonite, Nanocomposites, pH, Pore, Regeneration, Removal, Selenate Adsorption, Selenium, Sorption, Waste-Water, Water, Water Treatment, XRD, Zeta Potential

? Guan, H.D., Bestland, E., Zhu, C.Y., Zhu, H.L., Albertsdottir, D., Hutson, J., Simmons, C.T., Ginic-Markovic, M., Tao, X.A. and Ellis, A.V. (2010), Variation in performance of surfactant loading and resulting nitrate removal among four selected natural zeolites. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 616-621.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 616.pdf

Abstract: Surfactant modified zeolites (SMZs) have the capacity to target various types of water contaminants at relatively low cost and thus are being increasingly considered for use in improving water quality. It is important to know the surfactant loading performance of a zeolite before it is put into application. In this work we compare the loading capacity of a surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br), onto four natural zeolites obtained from specific locations in the USA, Croatia, China, and Australia. The surfactant loading is examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. and Raman spectroscopy. We then compare the resulting SMZs performance in removing nitrate from water. Results show that TGA is useful to determine the HDTMA loading capacity on natural zeolites. It is also useful to distinguish between a HDTMA bi-layer and a HDTMA mono-layer on the SMZ surface, which has not been previously reported in the literature. TGA results infer that HDTMA (bi-layer) loading decreases in the order of US zeolite > Croatian zeolite > Chinese zeolite > Australian zeolite. This order of loading explains variation in performance of nitrate removal between the four SMZs. The SMZs remove 8-18 times more nitrate than the raw zeolites. SMZs prepared from the selected US and Croatian zeolites were more efficient in nitrate removal than the two zeolites commercially obtained from Australia and China. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Analysis, Australia, Cationic Surfactant, China, Chromate, Croatia, Fourier Transform Infrared, Hdtma, Infrared, Literature, Mechanism, Modified Clinoptilolite, Nitrate Removal, Phenol, Raman Spectroscopy, Removal, Sorption, Surfactant Modified Zeolite, Thermogravimetric Analysis, US, Waste-Water, Water, Zeolite

? Yang, S.T., Zhao, D.L., Zhang, H., Lu, S.S., Chen, L. and Yu, X.J. (2010), Impact of environmental conditions on the sorption behavior of Pb(II) in Na-bentonite suspensions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 632-640.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 632.pdf

Abstract: In this study, a local bentonite from Lin’an county (Zhejiang province, China) was converted to Na-purified form and the Na-bentonite sample was characterized by using FTIR and XRD to determine its chemical constituents and micro-structure. The removal of lead from wastewaters by Na-bentonite was studied as a function of various environmental parameters such as contact time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, humic substances and temperature under ambient conditions. The results indicated that the sorption of Pb(II) on Na-bentonite was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were used to simulate the sorption isotherms of Pb(II) at three different temperatures of 298, 318 and 338 K. The thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees and Delta G degrees) calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption process of Pb(II) on Na-bentonite was endothermic and spontaneous. At low pH. the sorption of Pb(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation and ion exchange with Na+/H+ on Na-bentonite surfaces, whereas inner-sphere surface complexation was the main sorption mechanism at high pH. From the experimental results, it is possible to conclude that Na-bentonite has good potentialities for cost-effective disposal of lead bearing wastewaters. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solution, Carbon Nanotubes, China, Contact Time, Foreign Ions, Freundlich, Gmz Bentonite, Humic Substances, Humic-Acid, Ion Exchange, Ionic-Strength, Isotherms, Langmuir, Lead, MX-80 Bentonite, Na-Bentonite, Pb(II), pH, Removal, Rice Husk, Soil Fulvic-Acid, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Sorption Mechanism, Spectroscopy Methods, Surfaces, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Data, Thermodynamic Parameters, XRD

? Iglesias, A., López, R., Gondar, D., Antelo, J., Fiol, S. and Arce, F. (2010), Adsorption of paraquat on goethite and humic acid-coated goethite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 664-668.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 664.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of cationic pesticides in soils is generally attributed to mineral clays and organic matter components. However, iron oxides may also contribute to such adsorption or affect it by associating with other components. Using goethite and humic acid as models for iron oxides and organic matter respectively, we studied the adsorption of the cationic pesticide paraquat on goethite and humic acid-coated goethite. At pH 4.0 the adsorption on goethite was not significant, and at pH 10.0, although the surface of the oxide was negatively charged, much less pesticide was adsorbed than on mineral clays. At this pH the adsorption of paraquat decreased as the ionic strength increased, and application of the charge distribution multisite complexation model (CD-MUSIC model) enabled interpretation of the results. At pH 4, the adsorption of paraquat on the humic acid-coated goethite was similar to the adsorption on mineral clays, but was considerably less than the adsorption on humic acid in solution. The lower adsorption on solid organic matter is attributed to a decrease in the number of “active” binding sites on the humic acid as a result of the binding to iron oxide. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 1,1’-Dimethyl-4,4’-Bipyridynium Ion, Adsorption, Binding, Clay, Diquat, Goethite, Iron Oxide, Model, Organic-Matter, Pesticides, pH, Soil, Soil Organic Matter, Soils, Surface

? Covino, S., Čvančarová, M., Muzikář, M., Svobodová, K., D’annibale, A., Petruccioli, M., Federici, F., Křesinová, Z. and Cajthaml, T. (2010), An efficient PAH-degrading Lentinus (Panus) tigrinus strain: Effect of inoculum formulation and pollutant bioavailability in solid matrices. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 669-676.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 669.pdf

Abstract: This study comparatively investigated the PAH degradation ability of Lentinus tigrinus and Irpex lacteus in a historically polluted soil and creosote-impregnated shavings. With this regard, the effect of type of inoculum carrier (i.e.. wheat straw, corn cobs and commercial pellets) and contaminant bioavailability was thoroughly determined. Although degradation performances of L. tigrinus were not significantly affected by the type of the support, they were invariably better than those of I. lacteus on both the polluted soil and the creosote-impregnated shavings. Although degradation efficiencies of all fungal microcosms were highly and significantly correlated with bioavailability, certain PAHs. such as chrysene and benzoi[a]pyrene, were removed by L tigrinus from the polluted soil at amounts that exceeded about 2.3-fold their respective bioavailabilities. Degradation of PAHs was negatively correlated with their organic carbon sorption coefficients (K-oc) and hydrophobicity (log P). The strength of linear association with the latter parameter, however, was not affected by the type of contaminated matrix in L tigrinus-based microcosms while it was significantly larger in the historically polluted soil than in the creosote-impregnated shavings in I. lacteus ones. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Bioaugmentation, Biodegradation, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Contaminated Soils, Degradation, Fungal Growth, Irpex Lacteus, Irpex-Lacteus, Lentinus (Panus) Tigrinus, Ligninolytic Enzymes, Phanerochaete-Chrysosporium, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons, Soil, Sorption, White Rot Fungi, White-Rot Fungus

? Romero, J.V., Smith, J.W.H., White, C.L., Trussler, S., Croll, L.M. and Dahn, J.R. (2010), A combinatorial approach to screening carbon based materials for respiratory protection. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 677-687.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 677.pdf

Abstract: A combinatorial materials science approach for the discovery of an impregnated activated carbon that can adsorb a wide variety of toxic gases (i.e. a multi-gas carbon) has been developed. This approach presently allows for the parallel preparation and investigation of 64-100 IAC samples at once increasing the rate of discovery of viable multi-gas carbons. Multi-gas carbons were prepared using a solutions handling robot and screened gravimetrically for their effectiveness as gas adsorbents. The method was validated using known gas adsorbent materials such as ZnCl2, K2CO3 and CuO-impregnated carbons. The calculated adsorption capacities and stoichiometric ratios of reactions for these known gas adsorbent materials, when evaluated using the combinatorial approach, was comparable to the values obtained using traditional methods of analysis. A library of samples prepared by combining various amounts of CuO and ZnO impregnants showed the expected decreasing trend in the calculated stoichiometric ratio of reaction with respect to increasing amount of impregnants added. The method is now ready to use to explore new systems of impregnated activated carbons. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Ammonia, Analysis, Chemistry, Combinatorial Carbon Materials, Gas Adsorption Capacity, Impregnation, Inorganic Materials, Ion Batteries, K2CO3, Metal Oxides, Multi-Gas Adsorbents, Nitric-Acid, Respirator Carbons, Respiratory, Science, SO2 Adsorption, Solutions Handling Robot, Surface, Toxic Gas Adsorbent Materials, Trend

? Miah, M.Y., Volchek, K., Kuang, W.X. and Tezel, H. (2010), Kinetic and equilibrium studies of cesium adsorption on ceiling tiles from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 712-717.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 712.pdf

Abstract: A series of experiments were performed to quantify the adsorption of cesium on ceiling tiles as a representative of urban construction materials. Adsorption was carried out from solutions to mimic wet environmental conditions. Non-radioactive cesium chloride was used as a surrogate of the radioactive Cs-137. The experiments were performed in the range of initial cesium concentrations of 0.114-23.9 mg L-1 at room temperature (21°C) around three weeks. Solution samples were taken after set periods of time and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The quantity of adsorbed Cs was calculated by mass balance as a function of time. Two kinetic and three equilibrium models were employed to interpret the test results. Determination of kinetic parameters for adsorption was carried out using the first-order reaction model and the intra-particle diffusion model. Adsorption equilibrium was studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and three-parameter Langmuir-Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. A satisfactory correlation between the experimental and the predicted values was observed. Crown Copyright (c) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Accident, Adsorption, Adsorption Equilibrium, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics, Aqueous Solutions, Cesium Adsorption, Construction Materials, Contamination, Cs, Cs-134, Determination, Diffusion, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Granite, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Kinetic, Langmuir, Removal, Soils, Sorption

? Moussavi, G. and Khosravi, R. (2010), Removal of cyanide from wastewater by adsorption onto pistachio hull wastes: Parametric experiments, kinetics and equilibrium analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183 (1-3), 724-730.

Full Text: 2010\J Haz Mat183, 724.pdf

Abstract: Many waste materials have been evaluated for their efficacy in removing different classes of contaminants from water and wastewater in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of adsorption. In the present study, pistachio green hull wastes were investigated as a potential adsorbent for the removal of cyanide from a synthetic wastewater. The effects of a selection of the most significant parameters (pH. adsorbent dose, cyanide concentration and contact time) were initially evaluated based on the percentage of cyanide removed from the wastewater. At an optimum pH of 10, over 99% removal of 100 mg/L cyanide was obtained for an adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/L after a 60 min contact time. Kinetic evaluation indicated that the adsorption of cyanide ions onto the pistachio hulls clearly followed the pseudo-second order rate reaction. The equilibrium assessment illustrated that the Langmuir model is the best fit for the experimental data, which attains a maximum adsorption capacity of 156.2 mg/g. The sorption of cyanide ions onto the introduced adsorbent was inferred to be a chemosorption process with intraparticle diffusion as the most important step controlling the overall process rate. Accordingly, the pistachio hull waste is introduced as an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for removal of different concentrations of cyanide from water and wastewater. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Agricultural Waste Materials, Analysis, Aqueous-Solutions, Assessment, Batch, Capacity, Concentration, Contaminants, Copper, Cost Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, Cyanide, Data, Diffusion, Efficacy, Equilibrium, Evaluation, Experimental, Experiments, Industrial Wastewater, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Low Cost, Low Cost Adsorbent, Low-Cost Adsorbent, Mechanism, Methylene-Blue, Model, NOV, pH, Potential, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Removal, Rights, Sawdust, Sorption, System, Waste, Waste Materials, Wastewater, Water

? Peng, Y.P., Lo, S.L., Ou, F.H. and Lai, S.W. (2010), Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of N-doped titanate nanotubes for visible-light-responsive photocatalysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials,