Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 164.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of food dyes acid blue 9 and food yellow 3 onto chitosan was studied. Stirring rate influence on kinetics and mechanism was verified. Infra-red analysis was carried out before and after adsorption in order to verify the adsorption nature. Adsorption experiments were carried out in batch systems with different stirring rates (15-400 rpm). Kinetic behavior was analyzed through the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich models. Adsorption mechanism was verified according to the film diffusion model and HSDM model. Pseudo-second-order and Elovich models were satisfactory in order to represent experimental data in all stirring rates. For both dyes, adsorption occurred by film and intraparticle diffusion, and the stirring rate increase caused a decrease in film diffusion resistance. Therefore, the film diffusivity increased the adsorption capacity and, consequently, intraparticle diffusivity increased. In all stirring rates, the rate-limiting step was film diffusion. Adsorption of acid blue 9 and food yellow 3 onto chitosan occurred by chemiosorption. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Basic-Dyes, Bentonite, Chitosan, Deacetylation, Dyes, Dyestuffs, Equilibrium, Film Diffusion, Food Dyes, Intraparticle Diffusion, Kinetic, Kinetics, P-Nitrophenol, Reactive Dye, Removal, Thermodynamics

? Luo, X.G., Deng, Z.F., Lin, X.Y. and Zhang, C. (2011), Fixed-bed column study for Cu²⁺ removal from solution using expanding rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 182-189.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 182.pdf

Abstract: This paper deals with removal of copper ions from solution by raw rice husk (RRH) and expanding rice husk (ERH). Different column design parameters like bed depth, flow rate and initial copper concentration were investigated. It was found that the equilibrium uptake (q(eq(exp))) of the ERH and RRH increased with increase in initial copper concentration but decreased with increase in flow rate and bed depth, respectively. The higher adsorption capacity and longer breakthrough time were observed for ERH in comparison with RRH, under the same conditions. Compared to coconut-shell activated carbon (C-AC), ERR was also found more effective in removing Cu2+. 0.01 mol L-1 HCl solution was used for desorption of column which was prior to absorb copper ion, and 0.01 mol L-1 NaOH solution was used for re-activation. Column regeneration and reuse studies were conducted for adsorption-desorption cycle. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption-Desorption, Aqueous-Solutions, Biosorption, Breakthrough, Breakthrough Curve, Capacity, Carbon, Coconut Shell, Column, Column Design, Column Study, Comparison, Concentration, Contaminated Water, Copper, Copper Ion, Cu2+, Cu2+ Removal, Design, Desorption, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Uptake, Expanding Rice Husk, Fixed Bed, Fixed Bed Column, Flow, Flow Rate, Heavy-Metal Removal, Ions, L1, Mar, NaOH, Regeneration, Removal, Reuse, Rice, Rice Husk, Rice-Husk, Rights, Risk-Assessment, Sawdust, Solution, Uptake, Waste-Water

? Bayramoglu, G. and Arica, M.Y. (2011), Synthesis of Cr(VI)-imprinted poly(4-vinyl pyridine-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) particles: Its adsorption propensity to Cr(VI). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 213-221.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 213.pdf

Abstract: The aim of this study is to prepare ion-imprinted polymers, which can be used for the selective removal of Cr(VI) anions from aqueous media. 4-Vinyl pyridine (4-VP) was used as functional monomer. The Cr(VI)-imprinted poly(4-vinyl pyridine-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(VP-HEMA), particles were prepared by bulk polymerization. The Cr(VI)-imprinted polymer particles were grained from the bulk polymer, and the template ions (i.e., Cr(VI)) were removed using thiourea (0.5%, v/v) in 0.5 M HCl. The Cr(VI)-imprinted polymer contained 21.4 mu mol 4-VP/g polymers. The specific surface area of the IIP2 particles was found to be 34.5 m(2)/g (size range of 75-150 mu m), and the swelling ratio was about to 108%. The effect of initial concentration of Cr(VI) anions, the adsorption rate and the pH of the medium on adsorption capacity of Cr(VI)-imprinting polymer were studied. The maximum experimental adsorption capacity was 3.31 mmol Cr(VI)/g polymer. Under competitive condition, the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI)-imprinted particles for Cr(VI) is 13.8 and 11.7 folds greater than that of the Cr(III) and Ni(II) ions, respectively. The first- and second order kinetics models were estimated on the basis of comparative analysis of the corresponding rate parameters, equilibrium capacity and correlation coefficients. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was well described the Cr(VI)-imprinted system and the maximum adsorption capacity (Q(max)) was found to be 3.42 mmol/g. Moreover, the reusability of the poly(VP-HEMA) particles was tested for several times and no significant loss in adsorption capacity was observed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 4-Vinyl Pyridine, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Isotherm Model, Adsorption Rate, Analysis, Anions, Aqueous-Solutions, Biosorption, Capacity, Chromium Anions, Chromium(Vi), Competitive, Concentration, Correlation, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Equilibrium, Experimental, First, Heavy Metal Removal, Imprinted Polymer, Ion-Imprinted, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetics, Kinetics Models, Langmuir, Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm, Lentinus-Sajor-Caju, Mar, Media, Metal-Ions, Model, Models, Ni(II), Ni(II) Ions, Particles, pH, Polymer, Polymerization, Polymers, Pyridine, Recognition, Removal, Rights, Second Order, Second Order Kinetics, Second-Order, Selective Removal, Selectivity Coefficient, Size, Solid-Phase Extraction, Specific Surface, Specific Surface Area, Surface, Surface Area, Swelling, Synthesis, Template

? Baybaş, D. and Ulusoy, U. (2011), Polyacrylamide-clinoptilolite/Y-zeolite composites: Characterization and adsorptive features for terbium. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 241-249.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 241.pdf

Abstract: The composites of natural (clinoptilolite) and synthetic zeolite (Z and YZ) with polyacrylamide (PAAm) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, TGA, XRD, SEM and PZC analysis. The adsorptive features of the minerals and its composites were investigated for Tb analogues to the rare earth elements (REs) by isotopic tracer method, Tb-160 was the radiotracer. The composites were the hybrid formations of PAAm and Z or YZ. Tb adsorption capacities of the composites were higher than those of bare Z and YZ. The compatibility of Tb adsorption kinetics to the second order and Weber-Morris models implied that the sorption process was chemical via ion exchange. The values of enthalpy and entropy changes were positive and the negative free enthalpy change was evidence for the spontaneity of adsorption. The reusability tests for the composites for five uses demonstrated that the adsorbents could be reused after complete recovery of the loaded ion. Unlike PAAm-YZ, PAAm-Z was resistant to acidic environment. The overall results eventually suggested that the composite of Z and PAAm was a potential cost effective adsorbent for Tb3+ and REs. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Kinetics, Analysis, Aqueous-Solutions, Changes, Characterization, Chemical, Clinoptilolite, Composite, Composites, Cost, Cost-Effective, Enthalpy, Entropy, Environment, Evidence, FT-IR, FTIR, Heavy-Metals, Hybrid, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Ionic-Strength, Kinetics, Lanthanides, Mar, Minerals, Models, Na-Y Zeolites, Natural, Natural Zeolite, Polyacrylamide, Potential, Radiotracer, Rare Earth, Rare Earth Elements, Rare-Earth-Elements, Recovery, Removal, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Sem, Sorption, Sorption Process, TGA, Tracer, Water, Weber-Morris, Xrd, Zeolite

? Okochi, N.C. and McMartin, D.W. (2011), Laboratory investigations of stormwater remediation via slag: Effects of metals on phosphorus removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 250-257.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 250.pdf

Abstract: The use of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for the removal of phosphorus (P) from various simulated stormwater blends was investigated in the laboratory. The form of P measured was the inorganic orthophosphate (PO(4)-P). The stormwater solutions used in this preliminary study were synthesized as blends of P and typical concentrations of some of the most common and abundant metals in stormwater (e.g. cadmium, copper, lead and zinc), and contacted with EAF slag to determine P removal efficiency and sorptive competition. Results showed that the presence of cadmium, lead and zinc had minimal effect on the removal process; copper was a significant inhibitor of P uptake by the EAF slag media. P removal was greatest in the metal-free and multi-metal stormwater solutions. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Cadmium, Challenges, Climate-Change, Constructed Wetland Systems, Copper, Eaf Slag, Eutrophication, Fresh-Water, Furnace Slag, Heavy Metal, Lead, Management, Phosphorus Removal, Remediation, Slag, Steel Slag, Stormwater, Waste-Water Treatment

? Bouyakoub, A.Z., Lartiges, B.S., Ouhib, R., Kacha, S., El Samrani, A.G., Ghanbaja, J. and Barres, O. (2011), MnCl₂ and MgCl₂ for the removal of reactive dye Levafix Brilliant Blue EBRA from synthetic textile wastewaters: An adsorption/aggregation mechanism. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 264-273.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 264.pdf

Abstract: Two divalent cation-based coagulants, magnesium chloride and manganese chloride, were used to treat synthetic textile wastewaters containing the azo-dye pigment Levafix Brilliant Blue EBRA. The jar-tests were performed in the presence or absence of auxiliary dyeing chemicals. They proved that (i) both divalent cation-based coagulants were effective in the treatment of those alkaline effluents, (II) better performances in terms of color removal, residual turbidity, and settled volume, were achieved with manganese chloride, and (iii) the presence of dyeing auxiliaries significantly increases the required coagulant demand for treating the textile effluent. The dye removal mechanisms were investigated by combining observations of freeze-dried sediments with transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, adsorption experiments, and aggregates size measurements with a laser sizer under cyclic shear conditions. The results show that brucite (Mg(OH)(2)) particles are formed when applying MgCl2 to the textile wastewaters, whereas a mixture of feitknechite (beta-MnOOH) and hausmannite (Mn3O4) is obtained when using MnCl2. More poorly crystallized particles are formed in presence of auxiliary dyeing chemicals. The adsorption experiments suggested that the azo-dye pigment adsorbs onto the surface of precipitating phases, whereas the aggregation dynamics indicated that a charge-neutralization mechanism underlies the formation of aggregates. The dye removal is then consistent with a precipitation/adsorption mechanism. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aggregates, Aggregation, Azo Dye, Azo-Dye, Azo-Dye Pigment, Brucite, Chemicals, Chloride, Coagulant, Coagulation-Flocculation, Color Removal, Degradation, Demand, Dye, Dye Removal, Dynamics, Effluents, Electron Microscopy, Experiments, Feitknechite, Gamma-Mnooh, Infrared Spectroscopy, Laser, Levafix Brilliant Blue EBRA, Magnesium, Magnesium Chloride, Magnesium-Chloride, Manganese, Manganese Oxides, Mar, Mechanism, Mechanisms, MgCl2, MnCl2, Oxidation, Particles, Pigment, Reactive Dye, Removal, Rights, Sediments, Size, Spectroscopy, Surface, Textile Effluent, Transmission, Treatment, Turbidity, Volume, Waste-Water, Wastewaters, X-Ray

? Luo, X.B., Zhan, Y.C., Huang, Y.N., Yang, L.X., Tu, X.M. and Luo, S.L. (2011), Removal of water-soluble acid dyes from water environment using a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 274-282.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 274.pdf

Abstract: Novel magnetic and hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers (mag-MIPs) were prepared by an inverse emulsion-suspension polymerization to remove water-soluble acid dyes from contaminated water with 1-(alpha-methyl acrylate)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (1-MA-3MI-Br) being utilized as a new functional monomer. The thermal stability, chemical structure and magnetic property of the 1-MA-3MI-Br-mag-MIPs were characterized by the thermal-gravimetric analyzer (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. Moreover, effect of concentration and pH value of water-soluble acid dye solutions was optimized. Compared with the methyl acrylic acid and 4-vinylpyridine modified mag-MIPs, the 1-MA-3MI-Br-mag-MIPs showed enhanced removal efficiency. Kinetic studies depicted that the adsorption process on 1-MA-3MI-Br-mag-MIPs followed pseudo-second-order rate mechanism. Investigation results of 5 times removal-regeneration cycles by employing the 1-MA-3MI-Br-mag-MIPs showed that the resulting material was with high stability. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: 1-(Alpha-Methyl Acrylate)-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Anion-Exchange Resins, Aqueous-Solutions, Dye, Dyes, FT-IR, FTIR, Kinetic, Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer, Methylene-Blue, pH, Photo-Fenton Oxidation, Reactive Dyes, Removal, Selective Removal, Textile Wastewaters, Trace Contaminants, Water-Soluble Acid Dyes

? Zhou, Y.M., Jin, Q.A., Zhu, T.W. and Akama, Y.F. (2011), Adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by cellulose modified with beta-CD and quaternary ammonium groups. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 303-310.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 303.pdf

Abstract: Cellulose powder was grafted with the vinyl monomer glycidyl methacrylate using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator and was further derived with beta-CD and quaternary ammonium groups to build Cell-g-GMA-beta-CDN+ adsorbent. Epoxy cellulose was made up of Cell-g-GMA and Cell-hydro-g-GMA, and was found to contain 3.71 mmol g(-1) epoxy groups. The adsorption process of the modified cellulose was described by the Langmuir model of adsorption well, and the maximum adsorption capacity of chromium (VI) reached 61.05 mg g(-1). The adsorption-desorption tests of beta-CDN+-type cellulose derivatives exhibited that the reproducibility of the adsorbent was well and the adsorbent could be reused five times at least. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption-Desorption, Ammonium, Aqueous Solutions, Beads, Behavior, Capacity, Cellulose, Cellulose Derivatives, Chromium, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cr(VI), Cyclodextrin, Fabrics, Glucose, Glycidyl Methacrylate, Grafted, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Mar, Model, Modified, Modified Cellulose, Nitrate, Removal, Removal, Reproducibility, Rights, Solutions, VI

? Song, J., Oh, H., Kong, H. and Jang, J. (2011), Polyrhodanine modified anodic aluminum oxide membrane for heavy metal ions removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 311-317.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 311.pdf

Abstract: Polyrhc danine was immobilized onto the inner surface of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane via vapor deposition polymerization method. The polyrhodanine modified membrane was applied to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solution because polyrhodanine could be coordinated with specific metal ions. Several parameters such as initial metal concentration, contact time and metal species were evaluated systematically for uptake efficiencies of the fabricated membrane under continuous flow condition. Adsorption isotherms of Hg(II) ion on the AAO-polyrhodanine membrane were analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption rate of Hg(II) ion on the membrane was obeyed by a pseudo-second order equation, indicating the chemical adsorption. The maximum removal capacity of Hg(II) ion onto the fabricated membrane was measured to be 4.2 mmol/g polymer. The AAO-polyrhodanine membrane had also remarkable uptake performance toward Ag(I) and Pb(II) ions. Furthermore, the polyrhodanine modified membrane could be recycled after recovery process. These results demonstrated that the polyrhodanine modified AAO membrane provided potential applications for removing the hazardous heavy metal ions from wastewater. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Anodic Aluminum Oxide, Aqueous-Solution, Biosorption, Cd(II), Fabrication, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy Metal Removal, Isotherm, Isotherms, Langmuir, Nano Filter, Nanofibers, Nanostructures, Nanotubes, Pb(II), Polymer, Polyrhodanine, Recovery, Silica, Wastewater

? Li, Z.H., Jean, J.S., Jiang, W.T., Chang, P.H., Chen, C.J. and Liao, L.B. (2011), Removal of arsenic from water using Fe-exchanged natural zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 318-323.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 318.pdf

Abstract: An elevated arsenic (As) content in groundwater imposes a great threat to people worldwide. Thus, developing new and cost-effective methods to remove As from groundwater and drinking water becomes a priority. Using iron/aluminum hydroxide to remove As from water is a proven technology. However, separation of As-bearing fine particles from treated water presented a challenge. An alternative method was to use coarse-grained sorbents to increase the flow rate and throughput. In this research, a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) was exchanged with iron(III) to enhance its As removal. Batch test results showed a Fe(III) sorption capacity of 144 mmol/kg on the zeolite. The As sorption on the Fe-exchanged zeolite (Fe-eZ) could reach up to 100 mg/kg. Columns packed with Fe-eZ were tested for As removal from water collected from acid mine drainage (AMD) and groundwater containing high natural organic matter and high As(III). With an initial concentration of 147 mu g/L in the AMD water, a complete As removal was achieved up to 40 pore volumes. However, the Fe-eZ was not effective to remove As from Chia-Nan Plain groundwater due to its high initial As concentration (511 mu g/L), high amounts of natural organic matter, as well as its low oxidation-reduction potential, under which the As was in reduced As(III) form. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Mine Drainage, Alternative, Arsenic, As(Iii), Batch, Batch Test, Capacity, Challenge, Chromate Retention Mechanisms, Clay-Minerals, Clinoptilolite, Clinoptilolite, Coated Sand, Competitive Adsorption, Concentration, Cost-Effective, Developing, Drainage, Drinking Water, Exchange, Fe(Iii), Flow, Flow Rate, Goethite, Groundwater, Iron, Mar, Methods, Mine Drainage, Natural, Natural Zeolite, Organic, Organic Matter, Oxide, Particles, pH, Potential, Removal, Research, Rights, Separation, Sorbents, Sorption, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Technology, Valent Iron, Water, Zeolite

? Balsamo, M., Di Nataled, F., Erto, A., Lancia, A., Montagnaro, F. and Santoro, L. (2011), Cadmium adsorption by coal combustion ashes-based sorbents-Relationship between sorbent properties and adsorption capacity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 371-378.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 371.pdf

Abstract: A very interesting possibility of coal combustion ashes reutilization is their use as adsorbent materials, that can also take advantage from proper beneficiation techniques. In this work, adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions was taken into consideration, with the emphasis on the intertwining among waste properties, beneficiation treatments, properties of the beneficiated materials and adsorption capacity. The characterization of three solid materials used as cadmium sorbents (as-received ash, ash sieved through a 25 mu m-size sieve and demineralized ash) was carried out by chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, laser granulometry and mercury porosimetry. Cadmium adsorption thermodynamic and kinetic tests were conducted at room temperature, and test solutions were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Maximum specific adsorption capacities resulted in the range 0.5-4.3 mg g(-1). Different existing models were critically considered to find out an interpretation of the controlling mechanism for adsorption kinetics. In particular, it was observed that for lower surface coverage the adsorption rate is governed by a linear driving force while, once surface coverage becomes significant, mechanisms such as the intraparticle micropore diffusion may come into play. Moreover, it was shown that both external fluid-to-particle mass transfer and macropore diffusion hardly affect the adsorption process, which was instead regulated by intraparticle micropore diffusion: characteristic times for this process ranged from 4.1 to 6.1 d, and were fully consistent with the experimentally observed equilibrium times. Results were discussed in terms of the relationship among properties of beneficiated materials and cadmium adsorption capacity. Results shed light on interesting correlations among solid properties, cadmium capture rate and maximum cadmium uptake. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorption, Activated Carbons, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Rate, Analysis, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solutions, Bagasse Fly-Ash, Beneficiation Treatment, Cadmium, Cadmium Adsorption, Capacity, Characterization, Chemical, Chemical Analysis, CO2 Activation, Coal, Coal Combustion Fly Ash, Combustion, Correlations, Coverage, Diffusion, Driving, Equilibrium, Force, Heavy-Metal Ions, Infrared Spectroscopy, Kinetic, Kinetics, Laser, Linear Driving Force, Mar, Mass Transfer, Mechanism, Mechanisms, Mercury, Models, Reactivation, Removal, Rights, Room Temperature, Solutions, Sorbent, Sorbents, Sorption, Specific Adsorption, Spectrophotometry, Spectroscopy, Surface, Techniques, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Uptake, Waste, Waste-Water, Work

? Xu, J., Song, X.C., Zhang, Q.A., Pan, H., Liang, Y., Fan, X.W. and Li, Y.Z. (2011), Characterization of metal removal of immobilized Bacillus strain CR-7 biomass from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 (1-3), 450-458.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat187, 450.pdf

Abstract: Bacillus strain CR-7 of multiple metal and antibiotic resistances was isolated. Its metal adsorption under different pretreatments and immobilizations from aqueous solution was characterized. Pretreatment with NaOH (0.1 mol L-1) significantly improved Cu2+ adsorption capacity of the bacterial biomass. Sodium alginate (2%) was the ideal immobilization matrix. The immobilized and pretreated biomass had an obvious “orderliness”, following the order of Cu2+ > Zn2+ in the solution containing these two metals, and following the order of Pb2+ > Al3+ > Cr6+ > Cu2+ > Fe3+ > Zn2+ = Ni2+ > Cd2+ = Co2+ > Mn2+ in the solution containing these 10 metals. Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees of Cu2+ adsorption were +7.68 J/mol and +16.628 J/mol K, respectively. The infrared peak of -N-H shifted greatly after Cu2+ adsorption. After adsorption treatment, some molecular groups disappeared in un-immobilized biomass but were still present in the immobilized biomass. Cu2+ adsorption fit both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It was concluded (1) that the Cu2+ adsorption process was endothermic. (2) that -N-H is a most important Cu2+-binding group, (3) that immobilization prevents loss or damage of the Cu2+-binding molecular groups, and (4) that Cu2+ adsorption of pretreated and immobilized biomass is homogeneous. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Alginate, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous Solutions, Bacillus, Biomass, Biosorption, Capacity, Cd2+, Characterization, Co2+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Damage, Endothermic, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Fungal Biomass, Heavy Metal, Heavy-Metals, Immobilization, Immobilized, Immobilized Biomass, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, L1, Langmuir, Lead(II), Low-Cost Adsorbents, Mar, Mass-Transfer, Matrix, Metal, Metal Adsorption, Metal Removal, Metals, Models, NaOH, Ni2+, Pb2+, Pretreatment, Pretreatments, Pseudomonas-Aeruginosa, Removal, Rights, Sodium, Sodium Alginate, Solution, Solutions, Treatment, Waste-Water, Zn2+

? Atun, G., Hisarli, G., Kurtoğlu, A.E. and Ayar, N. (2011), A comparison of basic dye adsorption onto zeolitic materials synthesized from fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials,