Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1335.pdf

Abstract: A series of zwitterionic hybrid adsorbents were prepared via the ring-opening polymerization of pyromellitic acid dianhydride (PMDA) and N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] ethylene diamine (TMSPEDA), and a subsequent zwitterionic process as well as sol-gel reaction. Their applications for Cu2+ removal by adsorption were performed. FTIR spectra confirmed the step products. TGA revealed that the initial decomposition temperature (IDT) of these zwitterionic hybrid adsorbents could arrive at near 150 degrees C. DSC showed that T-g values decreased with an increase in PMDA content in the hybrid matrix. Ion-change capacity (IEC) revealed that the cation-exchange capacities (CIECs) and anion-exchange capacities (AIECs) of these hybrid adsorbents were within the range of 9.13-11.49 and 4.97-6.28 mmol g(-1), respectively. Meanwhile, the CIECs and AIECs exhibit an opposite change trend as PMDA content increases. Adsorption experiment indicated that their adsorptions for Cu2+ ions followed Lagergren second-order kinetic model, surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion mechanisms might be the major process. These findings demonstrated that they are promising absorbents for the separation and recovery of Cu2+ ions from contaminated water. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Capacity, Cation Exchange, Copolymers, Cu2+, Cu2+ Removal, Decomposition, Diffusion, Exchange Membranes, Experiment, FTIR, FTIR Spectra, Gel, Heavy-Metal Ions, Hybrid, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ions, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Lagergren, Matrix, Mechanisms, Model, Polymer, Polymerization, Recovery, Removal, Removal By Adsorption, Rights, Second Order, Second-Order, Separation, Silica, Sol-Gel, Surface, Synthesis, Temperature, Tga, Trend, Water, Zwitterionic Hybrids, Zwitterionic Process

? Huang, Y.H., Shih, Y.J. and Chang, C.C. (2011), Adsorption of fluoride by waste iron oxide: The effects of solution pH, major coexisting anions, and adsorbent calcination temperature. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1355-1359.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1355.pdf

Abstract: In this study, a waste iron oxide material (BT3), which is a by-product of the fluidized-bed Fenton reaction (FBR-Fenton), was thermally treated between 200 and 900 degrees C and was used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of fluoride ions in an aqueous system. The highest fluoride adsorption capacity occurred at the termination of the BT3 goethite dehydroxylation phase at about 300 degrees C calcination where both the volume of nanopores formed by dehydroxylation and the specific surface area reached their maximum values. Above 300 degrees C, BT3 transformed to the hematite phase in which fluoride adsorption capacity decreased as calcination temperature increased. On the other hand, the effect of pH on the fluoride adsorption capacity of BT3 for various initial fluoride concentrations was examined. The optimum pH value was found to be about 4. After that efficiency decreased as pH became more alkaline. Finally, coexisting anions affected the fluoride adsorption capacity of BT3 at pH 3.9 +/- 0.2 in this order: PO43- > SO42- > Cl- > NO3-. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Anions, Aqueous-Solution, Calcination, Calcination Temperature, Capacity, Catalytic-Oxidation, Dehydration, Dehydroxylation, Donnan Dialysis, Drinking-Water, Effects, Efficiency, Fenton, Feooh, Fluidized Bed, Fluidized-Bed Fenton, Fluidized-Bed Reactor, Fluoride, Fluoride Adsorption, Goethite, Hematite, In-Situ, Ions, Iron, Iron Oxide, Iron-Oxide, Nanopores, Oxide, pH, Ph Value, Removal, Rights, Solution, Specific Surface, Specific Surface Area, Surface, Surface Area, Synthetic Goethite, Temperature, Value, Volume, Waste

? Deng, S.B., Liu, H., Zhou, W., Huang, J. and Yu, G. (2011), Mn-Ce oxide as a high-capacity adsorbent for fluoride removal from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1360-1366.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1360.pdf

Abstract: A novel Mn-Ce oxide adsorbent with high sorption capacity for fluoride was prepared via co-precipitation method in this study, and the granular adsorbent was successfully prepared by calcining the mixture of the Mn-Ce powder and pseudo-boehmite. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image showed that the Mn-Ce adsorbent consisted of about 4.5 nm crystals, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the formation of solid solution by Mn species entering CeO2 lattices. The surface hydroxyl group density on the Mn-Ce adsorbent was determined to be as high as 15.3 mmol g(-1), mainly responsible for its high sorption capacity for fluoride. Sorption isotherms showed that the sorption capacities of fluoride on the powdered and granular adsorbent were 79.5 and 45.5 mg g(-1) respectively at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1 mg L-1, much higher than all reported adsorbents. Additionally, the adsorption was fast within the initial 1 h. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface were involved in the sorption of fluoride. Both anion exchange and electrostatic interaction were involved in the sorption of fluoride on the Mn-Ce oxide adsorbent. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Mechanism, Analysis, Aqueous-Solution, Arsenate, Capacity, Concentration, Coprecipitation, Defluoridation, Defluoridation, Drinking-Water, Electron Microscopy, Equilibrium, Fluoride, Fluoride Removal, FTIR, Interaction, Ions, Isotherms, L1, Layered Double Hydroxides, Mn-Ce Oxide Adsorbent, Oxide, Removal, Rights, Solution, Sorbent, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Sorption Isotherms, Species, Spectroscopy, Surface, Surface Hydroxyl, TEM, Transmission, Water, X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS, XRD

? Tsai, H.C. and Lo, S.L. (2011), Boron removal and recovery from concentrated wastewater using a microwave hydrothermal method. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1431-1437.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1431.pdf

Abstract: Boron compounds are widely-used raw materials in industries. However, elevated boron concentrations in aqueous systems may be harmful to human and plants. In this study, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2)) alone and Ca(OH)(2) with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) addition (P-addition) were used to remove and recover boron from wastewater using hydrothermal methods. A microwave (MW) hydrothermal method was used and compared with the conventional heating (CH) method in batch experiments. Physicochemical properties of the precipitates obtained from both methods were analysed by XRD, SEM with EDX and BET. For the case of Ca(OH)(2) alone and the MW method, experimental results showed that boron recovery efficiency reached 90% within 10 min. and crystals of Ca2B2O5 center dot H2O were found in the precipitates as indicated by the XRD analysis. For the case of P-addition and the MW method, boron recovery efficiency reached 99% within 10 min, and calcium phosphate species (CaHPO4 center dot H2O, CaHPO4 and Ca-10(PO4)(6)(OH)(2)) were formed. The experimental results of this study indicate that the required reaction time of the MW method was much less than that of the CH method, and the MW method is an effective and efficient method for boron removal and recovery from concentrated wastewater. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid, Adsorption, Analysis, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch, Batch Experiments, BET, Boron, Boron Recovery, Boron Removal, Calcium, Calcium Hydroxide, Conventional, Drinking-Water, EDX, Efficiency, Experimental, Experiments, Fly-Ash, Human, Hydrothermal Method, Methods, Microwave, Microwave Hydrothermal, Mineralization, Phosphate, Phosphoric Acid, Plants, Precipitates, Recovery, Removal, Rights, Seawater, SEM, Species, Systems, Wastewater, XRD

? Singh, K.P., Gupta, S., Singh, A.K. and Sinha, S. (2011), Optimizing adsorption of crystal violet dye from water by magnetic nanocomposite using response surface modeling approach. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1462-1473.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1462.pdf

Abstract: A magnetic nanocomposite was developed and characterized. Adsorption of crystal violet (CV) dye from water was studied using the nanocomposite. A four-factor central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface modeling (RSM) was employed for maximizing CV removal from aqueous solution by the nanocomposite based on 30 different experimental data obtained in a batch study. Four independent variables, viz. temperature (10-50 degrees C), pH of solution (2-10), dye concentration (240-400 mg/l), and adsorbent dose (1-5 g/l) were transformed to coded values and a second-order quadratic model was built to predict the responses. The significance of independent variables and their interactions were tested by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test statistics. Adequacy of the model was tested by the correlation between experimental and predicted values of the response and enumeration of prediction errors. Optimization of the process variables for maximum adsorption of CV by nanocomposite was performed using the quadratic model. The Langmuir adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was determined as 81.70 mg/g. The model predicted maximum adsorption of 113.31 mg/g under the optimum conditions of variables (concentration 240 mg/l; temperature 50 degrees C: pH 8.50: dose 1 g/l), which was very close to the experimental value (111.80 mg/g) determined in batch experiment. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activated Carbons, Adsorbent, Adsorbent Dose, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption,Central Composite Design, Analysis, Anova, Approach, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous-Solution, Batch, Batch Study, Capacity, Composite, Concentration, Correlation, Crystal Violet, Crystal Violet Dye, Data, Design, Dye, Errors, Experiment, Experimental, Ions, Langmuir, Liquid-Phase Adsorption, Magnetic, Magnetic Nanocomposite, Methodology, Model, Modeling, Nanocomposite, Optimization, Optimization, Particles, pH, Prediction, Removal, Response Surface Modeling, Rhodamine-B, Rights, Rsm, Second Order, Second-Order, Significance, Solution, Statistics, Surface, Temperature, Value, Waste-Water, Water

? Cui, H.J., Fu, M.L., Yu, S. and Wang, M.K. (2011), Reduction and removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using modified byproducts of beer production. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1625-1631.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1625.pdf

Abstract: Biosorption, as an effective and low-cost technology treating industrial wastewaters containing Cr(VI), has become a significant concern worldwide. In this work, acid-modified byproducts of beer production (BBP) were used to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Removal of Cr(VI) increases as the pH is decreased from 4.0 to 1.5, but the maximum of total Cr removal is obtained in a pH range from 2.0 to 2.5. Nearly 60% of the initial Cr(VI) (100 mg L-1) was adsorbed or reduced to Cr(III) within the first 10 min at pH 2.0. The Cr(VI) removal capability of acid-modified BBP materials was almost completely retained after regenerating with acid. FT-IR and XPS spectra revealed that carboxylate and carboxyl groups on the surface of modified BBP materials play a major role in Cr(VI) binding and reduction, whereas amide and other groups play a minor role in the Cr(VI) removal process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aqueous Solutions, Binding, Biomass, Biosorption, Byproduct Of Beer Productions, Chromium, Cr, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cr(VI) Removal, First, Ft-Ir, FTIR, Ftir And Xps Spectra, Heavy-Metal Ions, Hexavalent Chromium, Kinetics, L1, Low Cost, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Mechanism, Minor, Modified, pH, Reduction, Regeneration, Removal, Rights, Role, Solutions, Surface, Technology, Trivalent, Waste-Water, Wastewaters, Work, Xps

? Jin, X.L., Yu, C., Li, Y.F., Qi, Y.X., Yang, L.Q., Zhao, G.H. and Hu, H.Y. (2011), Preparation of novel nano-adsorbent based on organic-inorganic hybrid and their adsorption for heavy metals and organic pollutants presented in water environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1672-1680.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1672.pdf

Abstract: The nanocomposites based on organic-inorganic hybrid have been attracting much attention due to their potential applications used as new type of functional materials, such as colloidal stabilizers, electro-optical devices, and nanocomposites materials. The organic-inorganic hybrid of poly(acrylic acid-acrylonitrile)/attapulgite. P(A-N)/AT nanocomposites, were prepared by using in situ polymerization and composition of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto modified attapulgite (AT) nanoparticles. The resulting P(A-N)/AT nanocomposites were transformed into novel nano-adsorbent of poly(acrylic acid-acryloamidoxime)/attapulgite by further functionalization, i.e. P(A-O)/AT nano-adsorbent. The adsorption properties of P(A-O)/AT toward metal ions were determined, and the results indicated that the adsorbents with nanocomposite structure held a good of selectivity to Pb2+ among numerous metal ions. The maximum removal capacity of Pb2+ was up to 109.9 mg/g and it is notable to see that the adsorption removal of P(A-O)/AT nano-adsorbent for Pb2+ could achieve more than 96.6% when the initial concentration of Pb2+ was 120.0 mg/l. The kinetics, isotherm models, and conductivity were introduced to study the adsorption mechanism of P(A-O)/AT for Pb2+ and it was concluded that it could be chemisorptions process and the best coordination form took place when AO:AA:Pb2+ = 1:1:1. In addition, after simply treated with CTAB, P(A-O)/AT nano-adsorbent showed better adsorption properties for phenol than the same kinds of materials. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acrylonitrile, Activated Carbon, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Mechanism, Adsorption Properties, Adsorption Removal, Aqueous-Solutions, AT, Capacity, Chelating Resin, Composition, Concentration, Conductivity, Coordination, CTAB, Environment, Heavy Metals, Hybrid, in Situ, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Models, Kinetics, Mechanism, Mercury(II), Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Models, Modified, Nano-Adsorbent, Nanocomposite, Nanocomposites, Nanoparticles, Organic, Organic Pollutants, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid, Pb2+, Phenol, Phenol, Pollutants, Polymerization, Potential, Preparation, Removal, Rights, Selectivity, Sorption, Structure, Waste, Water, Water Environment

? Wang, L.F., Duan, J.C., Miao, W.H., Zhang, R.J., Pan, S.Y. and Xu, X.Y. (2011), Adsorption-desorption properties and characterization of crosslinked Konjac glucomannan-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1681-1686.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1681.pdf

Abstract: A new flocculant, based on Konjac-graft-poly (acrylamide)-co-sodium xanthate (CKAX), was synthesized in aqueous solution using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as the cross-linker and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the initiator. X-ray diffraction indicated the existence of strong interaction between KGM and reactant, including intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Microscopy images exhibited the appropriate pore size and distribution, which might be related to a higher capacity of flocculation and adsorption. Thermo gravimetric analysis showed that the synthetic polymer could improve the thermo-stability of the natural polysaccharides, and there was a positive correlation between polymer residual weight and flocculation. The adsorption and desorption properties for copper ions indicated that the adsorption rate could be described by a pseudo-second-order rate model, and the Freundlich model provides the best fit for the resulting adsorption isotherm. The flocculant can be regenerated in HNO₃ solution. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Blend Films, Characterization, Chloride, Color Removal, Composite, Copper, Derivatives, Desorption, Drug-Release, Fiber, Flocculant, Freundlich, Isotherm, Konjac, Polymeric Flocculants, Regeneration, Starch, Waste-Water Treatment

? Memon, S., Memon, N., Memon, S. and Latif, Y. (2011), An efficient calix[4]arene based silica sorbent for the removal of endosulfan from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1696-1703.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1696.pdf

Abstract: The present work explores sorption behavior of calix[4]arene based silica resin to remove alpha and beta endosulfan isomers from aqueous solution. The efficiency of resin was checked through both batch and column sorption methods. In both methods, the sorption parameters, i.e. pH, equilibrium time, shaking speed and sorbent dosage were optimized as 2,60 min, 125 rpm and 50 mg, respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir sorption isotherm models were applied to validate the sorption process. The data obtained in both models reveal that the sorption is favorable. Column sorption data were analyzed through Thomas model to calculate kinetic coefficient k(TH) and maximum sorption capacity q(o) of the resin, which were found to be 6.18 and 5.83 cm³ mg^-1 min^-1 as well as 1.11 and 1.08 mg g^-1 for alpha and beta endosulfan, respectively. Kinetics of sorption shows that it follows pseudo second order rate equation. The optimized method has also been applied to real water samples and the results show that calix[4]arene based silica resin is an effective sorbent to remove endosulfan from waste waters. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Alpha, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch, Beta, Calixarene, Calixarenes, Endosulfan, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Freundlich And Langmuir Isotherms, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Nitrates, Pesticides, pH, Resin, Sorption, Thomas Model, Waste

? Luengo, C., Puccia, V. and Avena, M. (2011), Arsenate adsorption and desorption kinetics on a Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1713-1719.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1713.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption-desorption kinetics of arsenate on a Fe(III)-modified montmorillonite (Fe-M) was studied at different arsenate concentrations, pH and stirring rates. The synthesized solid was a porous sample with Fe(III) present as a mix of monomeric and polymeric Fe(III) species in the interlayer and on the external surface. Adsorption took place in a two-step mechanism, with an initial fast binding of arsenate to Fe(III) species at the external surface (half-lives of 1 min or shorter) followed by a slower binding to less accessible Fe(III) species in pores and the interlayer (half-lives of around 1 h). Desorption kinetics also reflected the presence of externally and internally adsorbed arsenate. At pH 6 the maximum adsorbed arsenate was 52 mu mol/g, a value that is low as compared to adsorption on ferrihydrite (700 mu mol/g) and goethite (192-220 mu mol/g). However, since the Fe(III) content of Fe-M is much lower than that of ferrihydrite and goethite, Fe(III) species in Fe-m are more efficient in binding arsenate than in ferrihydrite or goethite (one As atom is attached every 8.95 iron atoms). This high binding efficiency indicates that Fe(III) species are well spread on montmorillonite, forming small oligomeric species or surface clusters containing just a few iron atoms. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption-Desorption, Arsenate, Binding, Clay-Minerals, Desorption, Desorption Kinetics, Efficiency, Fe(Iii), Fe(Iii)-Montmorillonite, Ferrihydrite, Goethite, Iron, Iron Oxyhydroxide, Iron Surface Coatings, Kaolinite, Kinetics, Mechanism, Modified Montmorillonite, Montmorillonite, pH, Phosphate, Polymeric, Rates, Residence Time, Rights, Small, Sorption, Species, Surface, Value

? Mohapatra, M., Rout, K., Singh, P., Anand, S., Layek, S., Verma, H.C. and Mishra, B.K. (2011), Fluoride adsorption studies on mixed-phase nano iron oxides prepared by surfactant mediation-precipitation technique. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1751-1757.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1751.pdf

Abstract: Mixed nano iron oxides powder containing goethite (alpha-FeOOH), hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) and ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8 center dot 4H(2)O) was synthesized through surfactant mediation-precipitation route using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The X-ray diffraction, FTIR, TEM, Mossbauer spectroscopy were employed to characterize the sample. These studies confirmed the nano powder contained 77% goethite, 9% hematite and 14% ferrihydrite. Fluoride adsorption onto the synthesized sample was investigated using batch adsorption method. The experimental parameters chosen for adsorption studies were: pH (3.0-10.0), temperature (35-55 degrees C), concentrations of adsorbent (0.5-3.0 g/L), adsorbate (10-100 mg/L) and some anions. Adsorption of fluoride onto mixed iron oxide was initially very fast followed by a slow adsorption phase. By varying the initial pH in the range of 3.0-10.0, maximum adsorption was observed at a pH of 5.75. Presence of either SO42- or Cl- adversely affected the adsorption of fluoride in the order of SO42- > Cl-. The FTIR studies of fluoride loaded adsorbent showed that partly the adsorption on the surface took place at surface hydroxyl sites. Mossbauer studies indicated that the overall absorption had gone down after fluoride adsorption that implies it has reduced the crystalline bond strength. The relative absorption area of ferrihydrite was marginally increased from 14 to 17%. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Absorption, Activated Alumina, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Alpha-Feooh, Ammonium, Anions, Aqueous-Solutions, Batch, Batch Adsorption, Bromide, Ctab, Defluoridation, Drinking-Water, Experimental, Fixed-Bed, Fluoride, Fluoride Adsorption, Ftir, Ftir Studies, Goethite, Hematite, Hydroxides, Iron, Iron Oxide, Iron Oxides, Iron-Oxide, Kinetics, Mossbauer Spectroscopy, Oxide, Oxides, Performance, pH, Removal, Rights, Route, Spectroscopy, Strength, Surface, Surface Hydroxyl, Surfactant, Tem, Temperature, Thermodynamics, X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction

? Ma, J.F., Cui, B.Y., Dai, J.A. and Li, D.L. (2011), Mechanism of adsorption of anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186 (2-3), 1758-1765.

Full Text: 2011\J Haz Mat186, 1758.pdf

Abstract: Organobentonite is suggested as potential super-sorbents for the removal of dyes from wastewater. All kinds of organobentonites are synthesized to adsorb dyes; however, the mechanism of the adsorption is still unclear. In this paper, organobentonites were first modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide at various amounts to reveal the adsorption mechanism. Subsequently, four kinds of organobentonites were utilized to adsorb acid dyes. Results show that the main mechanism of the adsorption of acid dye is an anionic exchange. The counter-ion bromide in the organobentonite was replaced by the dye anion. The study reveals that the adsorption capacity of organobentonite is affected by the surfactant alkyl chain length. When the longer alkyl chain surfactant was modified, bentonite showed higher adsorption capacity. Specific surface areas had no effect on the adsorption. However, the XRD patterns show that interlamellar distance and lamellar distribution have some effects on the adsorption. High adsorption capacity and low residual concentration were obtained by the organobentonite adsorbents. The revelation of the adsorption mechanism makes it possible to obtain more novel and suitable organobentonite adsorbents for anionic dye removal from wastewater. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid Dye, Acid Dyes, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Mechanism, Anionic Dye, Aqueous Solutions, Bentonite, Bromide, Capacity, Concentration, Counter-Ion, Distribution, Dye, Dye Removal, Dyes, Effects, First, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium, Length, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Mechanism, Methylene-Blue, Modified, Montmorillonite, Organic-Compounds, Organobentonite, Potential, Removal, Removal Of Dyes, Rights, Solutions, Sorption, Surface, Surface Areas, Surfactant, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment, Water, Xrd

? Guo, D.S., Shi, Q.T., He, B.B. and Yuan, X.Y. (2011), Different solvents for the regeneration of the exhausted activated carbon used in the treatment of coking wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials,