Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 91.pdf

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1986), Science and technology for international development: An assessment of United-States policies and programs - Morgan, RP. Scientometrics, 9 (1-2), 93-95.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 93.pdf

Keywords: United States

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1986), Foresight in science: Picking the winners - Irvine, J, Martin, B. Scientometrics, 9 (1-2), 95-97.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 95.pdf

? Leydesdorff, L. (1986), The development of frames of references. Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 103-125.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 103.pdf

Abstract: Measurement of the effectiveness of science policies is analyzed as a multi-level problem. Journal-journal citations are discussed as a potential candidate for a domain beyond the control of policy-makers and authors or research groups and therefore may function as a relatively stable and easily accessible baseline for the ‘calibration’ of outputs and outcomes of science policy. A method is developed, using SCI’s JCRs which is then applied to the two cases of water pollution and humanisation of labor. This method can also be used as a simple indicator for the development of journal-journal citation patterns over time.

? Simonton, D.K. (1986), Multiples, poisson-distributions, and chance: An analysis of the Brannigan-Wanner model. Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 127-137.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 127.pdf

Abstract: Brannigan and Wanner argue that the empirical distribution of multiple grades can be more adequately explained in terms of a negative contagious poisson model. This alternative is based on a Zeitgeist theory which places emphasis on the role of communication in scientific discovery. Nonetheless, a detailed analysis indicates the following: (a) mathematically, the simple Poisson is the limiting case of the contagious Poisson when the contagion parameter approaches zero, (b) empirically, the mean and variance are so nearly equal (i. e., the contagion effect is very small) that predictions from the contagious Poisson are virtually equivalent to those of the simple Poisson, (c) in particular, both distributions predict that multiples are less common than singletons and even nulltons, the latter occurring with a probability of over one third (thereby implying that chance plays a much bigger part than Zeitgeist or maturational theories would suggest), (d) estimates from the Simonton, Merton, and Ogburn-Thomas data sets all concur that the contagion effect is not only small, but positive besides, yielding a modest positive contagious Poisson that contradicts the principal tenet of the communication interpretation.

? Yuthavong, Y. (1986), Bibliometric indicators of scientific activity in Thailand. Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 139-143.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 139.pdf

Abstract: The scientific output of major institutions in Thailand was examined from the number of international publications covered by Science Citation Index (SCI), publications in Journal of the Science Society of Thailand (J. Sci. Soc. Thailand) and abstracts presented at the annual symposium of the Science Society of Thailand. A good correlation (r = 0.92) was observed between the number of publications covered by SCI and in Journal of the Science Society of Thailand, while a poorer correlation (r = 0.73) was observed between the former and the number of symposium abstracts.

Keywords: Thailand

? Hargens, L.L. (1986), Migration patterns of united-states PhDs among disciplines and specialties. Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 145-164.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 145.pdf

Abstract: Patterns of migration among disciplines and specialties are examined using data from a large survey of U. S. Ph.D. s in a broad range of fields. Mappings of scholarly fields are derived from the migration patterns and these mappings are largely consistent with results from previous studies using citation flows and other measures of field similarities. Migration patterns suggest that there are two boundaries dividing the fields in this analysis, and that hierarchical relations among disciplines are weak or absent. In contrast, specialties within a discipline are more lqkely to exhibit structural hierarchies.

Keywords: United States

? Nesvetailov, G.A. and Gurevich, I.G. (1986), Analysis and planning of a series of multisectional scientific-conferences (heat and mass transfer case). Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 165-176.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 165.pdf

Abstract: A scientometric method is developed for studying the intersectional communications at scientific conferences. As an example, a series of multisectional Heat and Mass Transfer Conferences held in Minsk, USSR, during the years 1961-1980 are considered. The clusters of the interplay between the sections are constructed on the basis of the data from the registration cards of the Conference participants. The matrix of the topical interrelation of sections enables one to calculate the coefficient of the information impact of a section. A comparison of this coefficient with the resource indicators of sections makes it possible to upgrade the scientific justification of planning a series of multisectional scientific conferences.

? Todorov, R. and Atanassov, K. (1986), Formal communication in science: A model based on generalized nets. Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 177-185.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 177.pdf

Abstract: A schematic overview of the formal communication process is first presented. Emphasis is placed only on the specific functions and participants required to transfer article manuscripts from the author to the reader of scientific journals. For the description of this process a mathematical model based on generalized nets (GN) is then proposed. Some advantages of the GN as compared to other models are shown. Model application is not included since the programme package which realizes the GN is in a stage of preparation.

? Herrmann, D.B. (1986), Astronomy in the twentieth century. Scientometrics, 9 (3-4), 187-191.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 187.pdf

Abstract: This paper is based on the Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics 1900-1975 which is considered representative of the pioneer research work in the field. The distribution of important scientific achievements over a certain period, their distribution by subject area and sources, single or multiple authorship and age of techniques relevant to these areas are quantitatively examined. In some cases result: are obtained as known from the analysis of the overall output of the sciences (including astronomy). As regards, however, the frequency of published important papers and the role of the latest technique pioneer achievements differ significantly from the total of scientific publications.

? Lipatov, Yu.S. and Denisenko, L.V. (1986), On the behavior of information flows in multicomponent polymer systems research. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 197-207.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 197.pdf

Abstract: The behaviour of information flows in multieomponent polymer systems over the 1979-1983 period is analyzed. It has been found that this field of science obeys general relationships valid for other established sciences. Its special features axe a high concentration of information (only 9 journals) and a wide scatter of papers among a great number of peripheral journals. The doubling times for papers and journals as well as the doubling period for papers in a single journal have been determined, they axe 3.2, 4.6 and 5.6 years respectively.

? Jimenez, J., Navarro, M.A. and Rees, M.W. (1986), Scientific-research areas in Mexico: Growth patterns in the late seventies. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 209-221.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 209.pdf

Abstract: A longitudinal study of ten Mexican research areas was carried out in the late 1970s. In the study, research institutions were classified by a group of experts as primary and secondary, depending on the quality and quantity of research output. New institutions created during this time period were also classified as primary or secondary. Examination of the data shows a greater growth in the number of research personnel in primary institutions, evidence of uneven distribution of resources. Furthermore, due to the high turnover of qualified personnel observed in secondary institutions, they are at a disadvantage in forming mature, stable research groups, and are often precluded from becoming first rate researeh centers. Sihce the national science and technology system does not facilitate the movement of institutions from secondary to primary positions, it is recommended that whenever a new institution is created, it should be provided with appropriate resources, both human and material, to make sure it will be considered as first rank from its inception. Also, in order to reduce the gap between primary and secondary institutions, long range strategies, including the provision of high quality researchers, should be developed to facilitate the upgrading of the secondary institutions.

Keywords: Mexico

? Simeon, VL., Momčilović, B., Kralj, Z. and Grgas, B. (1986), Multivariate statistical analysis of the bibliographic output from a research institution, in relation to the measures of scientific policy. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 223-230.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 223.pdf

Abstract: The publications produced in a medical research institute in a 16 year interval were classified into five categories (scientific papers in the journals covered by Current Contents or Science Citation Index, scientific papers in other journals, books and monographs, technical papers, congress and symposia communications) and counted for each year separately. The number of researchers and yearly budgets were also recorded. The data were analysed by contingency table, correlation and factor-analytical methods. It was shown that, upon introducing quantitative minimal criteria for job promotions, the proportion of scientific papers increased. Principal component analysis indicated that the data can be approximately represented as linear combinations of three mutually independent factors. The approach used is recommended for evaluating the production of scientific information in research institutions and for assessing the effects of the measures of scientific policy.

? Schubert, A. and Telcs, A. (1986), Publication potential: An indicator of scientific strength for cross-national comparisons. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 231-238.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 231.pdf

Abstract: A new indicator, called the publication potential, is proposed to measure scientific strength of different countries. The indicator is based on SC1 author counts and publication frequency distributions, Not depending on national statistical reports, it avoids the ambiguities of statistical definitions and methods, thereby providing a solid ground for cross-national comparisons. Publication based and statistical survey data for 34 countries axe compared and some of the most conspicuous discrepancies are pinpointed.

? Crouch, D., Irvine, J. and Martin, B.R. (1986), Bibliometric analysis for science policy: An evaluation of the United Kingdom’s research performance in ocean currents and protein crystallography. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 239-267.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 239.pdf

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study of Britain’s scientific performance in the fields of ocean currents and protein crystallography carried out for the Advisory Board for the Research Councils (ABRC). Using a range of publication and citation indicators, the study aimed to explore the potential value to science policy-making of low-cost scientometric approaches to research evaluation.

Keywords: Science, United Kingdom

? Simonton, D.K. (1986), Multiple discovery: Some monte carlo simulations and gedanken experiments. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 269-280.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 269.pdf

Abstract: Two major interpretations of multiples have been offered, the traditional one based on the scientific zeitgeist, the more recent one based on chance processes. To clarify the issues involved in any plausible explanation, six successive Monte Carlo simulations were developed. Though all models started with the same underlying probabilistic mechanism, several elaborations were introduced, including,exhaustion, communication of both successes and failures, and variation in success probability. The models yield the same probability distribution for multiple grades, but they disagree on the frequency of nulltons. Additional Gedanken experiments dealt with the zeitgeist notions of a causal link between potential contributions.

Keywords: Monte Carlo

? Schubert, A. and Braun, T. (1986), Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative-assessment of publication output and citation impact. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 281-291.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 281.pdf

Abstract: Cross-field comparison of scientometric indicators ¹ is severely hindered by the differences in publication and citation habits of science fields. However, relating publication and citation indicators to proper field-specific reference standards, relative indicators can be built, which may prove rather useful in the comparative assessment of scientists, groups, institutions or countries. The use of relational charts in displaying the indicators broadens the scope of such assessments. Relative indicators of chemistry research in 25 countries are presented as an illustrative example.

? Schubert, A. (1986), Quantitative studies of science: A current bibliography. 9. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 293-304.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 293.pdf

? Morgan, R.P. (1986), Technology, finance and development: An analysis of the world-bank as a technological institution - Weiss, C, Jequier, N. Scientometrics, 9 (5-6), 305-306.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics9, 305.pdf

? Haitun, S.D. (1986), Problems of quantitative-analysis of scientific activities: The nonadditivity of data. Part 1. Statement and Solution. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 3-16.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 3.pdf

Abstract: A viewpoint is given, according to which, additivity may be defined only at the intuition level and quantitative latent variables are ‘origin additive’. The proposed solution to the non-additivity problem consists in restricting quantitative indicator scales by the so-called ‘natural’, in particular, open scales.

? Moed, H.F. and Vanraan, A.F.J. (1986), Observations and hypotheses on the phenomenon of multiple citation to a research groups oeuvre. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 17-33.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 17.pdf

Abstract: This paper analyses the phenomenon when a publication referring to the oeuvre of a research group (i.e. all the articles published by its members) cites several articles rather than one article from that oeuvre (multiple citations, MC). It is shown that significant differences exist between research groups with respect to the frequency at which MC to their respective oeuvres occur, and that these differences affect to some extent rankings of these groups based on citation counts. In order to find an explanation for our results, four factors are discussed: (1) the impact of a research group, (2) mutual multiple citing arrangements, (3) the size of a group’s oeuvre and (4): the degree of common intellectual interest between the research activities in a group. No definite conclusions can be drawn yet on the extent to which these factors are responsible for the observed patterns in the MC frequency. We conclude however that attempts to identify ‘top’ or ‘sub-top’ groups in comparative evaluations based on citation analysis should be performed with the greatest care.

? Levine, L.O. (1986), Prolific inventors: A bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 35-42.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 35.pdf

Abstract: Patent information on 7392 inventors who received 9 or more U.S. Patents during 1975-84 was obtained. Analysis of the frequency distribution of patents per inventor reveals an approximately logarithmic decline from 9 to approximately 45 patents per inventor. The rate of decline decreases significantly for patent output above 45 patents per inventor. Patent citation analysis on 45 randomly selected inventors was performed. This sample included inventors who received from 9 to over 100 patents. The group received 1.79 citations per patent, 56.8% of the patents received at least 1 citation, and 2.7% of the patents received 10 or more citations. No statistically significant differences for these averages was found across the range of inventor patent output. No significant decline of patent quality with increased yearly patent output was observed.

? Sen, S.K. and Kundra, R. (1986), Bibliometrics of English-language alcohol fuel literature: A new empirical-equation of scatter. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 43-54.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 43.pdf

Abstract: 1460 items of literature in English on alcohol fuel, both technical and non-technical between 1901 and 1980 (only first quarter) collected and published as a bibliography by NAFIC, SERI (USA) were analysed. It was found that the growth pattern is befitting qualitatively with the epidemic growth model. Of the 1460 items, 828 are scattered in 288 journals. The pattern of scatter has been fitted in an empirical formula, a linear equation of the form R(r)---ar-b, where R(r) is the Mean Relative Scatter (MRS) of the articles over a class of ranked journals in increasing productivity and r is the rank of the class, a and b ate the arbitary constants. The formula, ff deductively established, can serve as an effective alternative to Bradford’s law.

Keywords: Bibliometrics

? Egghe, L. (1986), On the 80/20 rule. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 55-68.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 55.pdf

Abstract: In a recent paper¹ Burrell shows that libraries with lower average borrowings tend to require a larger proportion of their collections to account for 80% of the borrowings, than those with higher average borrowings. In that study, the underlying frequency distribution was a negative binomial. We are dealing with a case when the underlying distribution is of Lotka type. It is also shown that the ‘80/20-effect’ is much stronger in this case.

? Persson, O. (1986), Online bibliometrics: A research tool for every man. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 69-75.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 69.pdf

Abstract: A method of using of commonly available online services for bibliometric studies is demonstrated. Distributions of papers by subfield, time, author and journal can be generated almost instantly and at very low cost. This article gives information on how to perform such studies.

Keywords: Bibliometrics

? Guay, Y. (1986), Emergence of basic research on the periphery: Organic-chemistry in India, 1907-1926. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 77-94.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 77.pdf

Abstract: This study is a quantitative survey of the emergence of organic chemistry in India during the first two decades covered by Chernical Abstracts. Chemists that were conducting research in this country were separated in three distincts groups, on the basis of their cultural identity and of their educational background. Important disparities between these three groups have been stated, both in terms of research fields and in terms of publication outlets.

Keywords: India

? Small, H. and Greenlee, E. (1986), Collagen research in the 1970a. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 95-117.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 95.pdf

Abstract: The specialty of collagen research is tracked over a ten year period, 1970-1979, using the methodology of co-citation duster strings. Independently obtained annual clusters are linked together over time by the percentage of highly cited documents countinuing from year to year. All inter-year links are clustered by single-linkage to form the strings, one of which corresponds to the collagen specialty. Maps of the individual year clusters within the string reveal an alternating pattern of expansion/innovation followed by contraction/consolidation. At the same time the subject focus of research gradually shifts. The institutional affiliation and funding sources for highly cited documents show a trend from early dominance by a few institutions and sources to a multiplicity and collaboration of centers and sources later on, due in part to the migration of researchers from an initially dominant institution.

? Blanpied, W.A. (1986), Modern science and human-values: Lowrance, WW. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 119-121.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 119.pdf

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1986), Space, time, and life: Nalimov, VV. Scientometrics, 10 (1-2), 121-123.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 121.pdf

? Haitun, S.D. (1986), Problems of quantitative-analysis of scientific activities: The nonadditivity of data. 2. Scientometrics, 10 (3-4), 133-155.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 133.pdf

Abstract: It is examined to what extent the corollaries of the earlier proposed solution to the non-additivity problem are urgent for modern quantitative science studies. The role of non-linear transformations of indicators and closed scales in these studies is discussed. The distribution statistics and the coefficients of intercormection are investigated for their additivity. The possibilities of empirical verification of the proposed conception of additivity are also considered.

? Vinkler, P. (1986), Evaluation of some methods for the relative assessment of scientific publications. Scientometrics, 10 (3-4), 157-177.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 157.pdf

Abstract: Some bibliometric methods for the assessment of the publication activity of research units are discussed on the basis of impact factors and citations of papers. “Average subfield impact factor” of periodicals representing subfields in chemistry is suggested. This indicator characterizes the average citedness of a paper in a given subfield. Comparing the total sum of impact factors of corresponding periodicals divided by the number of papers published by a research team to the average subfield impact factor a “publication strategy” indicator can be derived. A new bibliometric indicator, “relative subfield impact”, is introduced which compares the number of citations received by papers of a research unit to the average subfield impact factor.

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1986), The classification of science and the science of classification. Scientometrics, 10 (3-4), 179-197.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 179.pdf

Abstract: With a view toward a system of science indicators which is flexible, appropriate, and unambiguous, a brief discussion is given of the theory of classification. This is then applied to three situations arising in input indicators for science, and it is shown how the presently used formalism for such indicators could be improved and thus eliminate unnecessary disputes in the practical application of such indicators.

? Krauskopf, M., Pessot, R. and Vicuna, R. (1986), Science in Latin-America: How much and along what lines. Scientometrics, 10 (3-4), 199-206.

Full Text: 1986\Scientometrics10, 199.pdf

Abstract: Scientific output in the Caribbean and Latin American countries was studied examining the publications indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information which conform the mainstream literature. The growth patterns of the first-authors-publishing-scientific-papers coming from the five most productive countries of the region were determined. In addition, the scientific publications from each country of the region, as indexed in 1981, were classified per field. It was found that most of the research was done in the life sciences area. However, the small scientific output observed in all fields appears insufficient to assure a positive role of science for the best overall development of each individual society. This situation may reflect a lack of support for the progress of science in these countries and therefore political commitment towards this purpose is considered to be of particular importance.

Keywords: Latin America

? Mendez, A. and Gomez, I. (1986), The Spanish Scientific Productivity Through 8 International Databases. Scientometrics,