Title: Waste Treatment and Disposal

Title: Wastewater Treatment Evaluation and Implementation

Pentreath, P.J. (1994), Improving the quality of rivers and estuaries. in Wastewater Treatment Evaluation and Implementation, (Edited by Rofe, B.H.), Thomas Telford, London, 14-18.

Taylor, J.M. and Kwiecinski, J.V. (1994), Sewage sludge incineration in Yorkshire. in Wastewater Treatment Evaluation and Implementation, (Edited by Rofe, B.H.), Thomas Telford, London, 141-154.

Title: Wastewater Treatment Technology

Patterson, J.W. (1975), Wastwater Treatment Technology, Ann Arbor Science Publishers. Ann Arbor Michigan, USA.

Title: Water

ISO Abbreviated Title: Water

JCR Abbreviated Title: Water

ISSN:

Journal Country/Territory:

Language:

Publisher:

Publisher Address:

Subject Categories:

: Impact Factor

? Chu, K.H., Feng, X., Kim, E.Y. and Hung, Y.T. (2011), Biosorption parameter estimation with genetic algorithm. Water, 3 (1), 177-94.

Full Text: 2011\Water3, 177.pdf

Abstract: In biosorption research, a fairly broad range of mathematical models are used to correlate discrete data points obtained from batch equilibrium, batch kinetic or fixed bed breakthrough experiments. Most of these models are inherently nonlinear in their parameters. Some of the models have enjoyed widespread use, largely because they can be linearized to allow the estimation of parameters by least-squares linear regression. Selecting a model for data correlation appears to be dictated by the ease with which it can be linearized and not by other more important criteria such as parameter accuracy or theoretical relevance. As a result, models that cannot be linearized have enjoyed far less recognition because it is necessary to use a search algorithm for parameter estimation. In this study a real-coded genetic algorithm is applied as the search method to estimate equilibrium isotherm and kinetic parameters for batch biosorption as well as breakthrough parameters for fixed bed biosorption. The genetic algorithm is found to be a useful optimization tool, capable of accurately finding optimal parameter estimates. Its performance is compared with that of nonlinear and linear regression methods.

Keywords: Heavy Metal, Wastewater, Modeling, Adsorption, Evolutionary Computation

Title: Water Air and Soil Pollution

ISO Abbreviated Title: Water Air Soil Pollut.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Water Air Soil Pollut

ISSN: 0049-6979

Issues/Year: 32

Journal Country/Territory: Netherlands

Language: Multi-Language

Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publ

Publisher Address: Spuiboulevard 50, PO Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Netherlands

Subject Categories:

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 0.971, 51/126 (1999); Impact Factor 0.632, 77/127 (2000); Impact Factor 0.772, 66/129 (2001); Impact Factor 0.526, 98/132 (2002); Impact Factor 0.883, 68/131 (2003); Impact Factor 1.058, 69/134 (2004); Impact Factor 1.258 63/140 (2005); Impact Factor 1.224, 88/160 (2007); Impact Factor 1.676, 79/181 (2009)

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences: Impact Factor 0.971, 23/38 (1999); Impact Factor 0.632, 31/40 (2000); Impact Factor 0.772, 34/43 (2001); Impact Factor 0.526, 26/46 (2002); Impact Factor 0.883, 31/46 (2003); Impact Factor 1.058, 29/45 (2004); Impact Factor 1.258 28/47 (2005); Impact Factor 1.224, 33/51 (2007); Impact Factor 1.676, 30/63 (2009)

Water Resources: Impact Factor 0.971, 14/46 (1999); Impact Factor 0.632, 21/47 (2000); Impact Factor 0.772, 18/50 (2001); Impact Factor 0.526, 28/53 (2002); Impact Factor 0.883, 17/55 (2003); Impact Factor 1.058, 14/55 (2004); Impact Factor 1.258 14/57 (2005); Impact Factor 1.224, 21/59 (2007); Impact Factor 1.676, 16/66 (2009)

Gatz, D.F. (1975), Pollutant aerosol deposition into southern lake Michigan. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 5 (2), 239-251.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Air Soi Pol5, 239.pdf

Abstract: Current estimates of pollutant aerosol input to southern Lake Michigan are based on a single calculated emission inventory and various estimates of the fraction of emissions that enter the Lake. Alternative, but still crude, estimates of urban elemental emissions and their wet and dry deposition in the lake are made here. Observed elemental concentrations in urban air are used to calculate emissions and recently measured wet and dry deposition parameters are used to calculate deposition.

All available treatments conclude that atmospheric inputs of at least Fe, Pb, Ti, and V are sizable fractions of total lake input of these metals. This study suggests tentatively that 1) wet and dry inputs from the atmosphere are about equal, 2) between 3 and 15 % of elemental pollutant emissions from Chicago and NW Indiana enter the Lake, and 3) this fraction increases with particle size.

Grodzińvska, K. (1978), Mosses as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in Polish national parks. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 9 (1), 83-97.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Air Soi Pol9, 83.pdf

Abstract: The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, pH, Zn, Mn, Fe) and other elements (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined in the samples of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens from 12 Polish national parks. The significant differences in the concentrations of all heavy metals between particular parks were found. The lowest concentrations of these metals were recorded in the mosses from the national parks in northern Poland, the highest in southern Poland. Significant differences in the heavy metals contents of the mosses between central and peripheral park areas, between green and brown parts of mosses, as well as between moss species were also found.

Siegel, S.M. and Siegel B.Z. (1978), Mercury fallout in Hawaii. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 9 (1), 113-118.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Air Soi Pol9, 113.pdf

Abstract: Mercury fallout was measured 10 m from the selected emission site, the Sulfur Banks fumarole area, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park; at stations on Maui and Oahu, respectively 200 km and 380 km distant from the Sulfur Banks; and at the Hawaii Geothermal Project drill site, only 40 km from source. Sulfur Banks and Oahu measurements were carried out on six occasions between 1972 and 1976, each time within the same 24 h period.

Gold foil was used for collection of elemental mercury (Hg°) and copper foil for both oxidized (Hg_ox) and elemental forms.

The rate of deposition at the Sulfur Banks was high – 800 m m^–2 day^–1, or 300 kgkm^–2 annually. The same figure applied to the relatively nearby geothermal project site. At both remote stations the fallout rate was approximately 10 fold lower.

At four measurement times out of six the ratio HgO/Hg_ox ranged from 0.195 to 0.463 at the Sulfur Banks source and from 1.80 to 5.15 at the remote stations. On two occasions, heavy rains selectively reduced Hg_ox at the emission site.

Model calculations compared Sulfur Banks fallout with rates of re-emission of Hg by vegetation, and the importance of the biotic factor in determination of mass balances and fluxes was emphasized. Aspects of the geochemistry and toxicology of Hg were considered briefly in relation to emission and deposition, and to the occurrence of Hg°.

McKay, G. (1979), Basic dye adsorption on activated carbon. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 12 (3), 307-317.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Air Soi Pol12, 307.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of Victoria Blue dye (Basic Blue 26) on carbon has been investigated. Equilibrium data have been found to obey the Langmuir isotherm. The effects of contact time, agitation, initial dye concentration and carbon particle size range were also studied.

McKay, G. and Sweeney, A.G. (1980), Principles of dye removal from textile effluent. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 14 (1), 3-11.

Full Text: 1960-80\Wat Air Soi Pol14, 3.pdf

Abstract: The initial rate of Disperse Blue 7 dye removal from textile effluent depends on the surface mass transfer coefficient. The effects of certain variables namely, agitation, initial dye concentration, particle size and solution temperature, on the dimensionless mass transfer term, Sh/Sc^0.33, have been studied.

Slavek, J. and Pickering, W.F. (1981), The effect of pH on the retention of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn by clay-fulvic acid mixtures. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 16 (2), 209-221.

Full Text: 1981\Wat Air Soi Pol16, 209.pdf

Abstract: The addition of fulvic acid to clay suspensions (kaolinite, illite or montmorrillonite) resulted in increased uptake of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn ions over the pH range 3 to 6, due to the limited solubility of one of the metal-fulvate species formed. At higher pH values, residual metal ion was retained in solution, instead of precipitating as hydroxy species.

The amount of total metal ion found in solution at equilibrium was determined by the quantity and type of clay added; the amount of organic acid present; and to a lesser extent, pH. The behavior of the clay-fulvic acid systems differed from that observed using other organic materials such as gelatine, tannic acid or a humic acid.

Sadiq, M. and Zaidi, T.H. (1981), The adsorption characteristics of soils and removal of cadmium and nickel from wastewaters. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 16 (3), 293-299.

Full Text: 1981\Wat Air Soi Pol16, 293.pdf

Abstract: The interactions between the adsorption characteristics of 27 experimental soils and the sorption of Cd and Ni from the municipal wastewaters were investigated in this study. The removal of these elements from soil solution was followed for 50 days.

All the adsorption characteristics, except cation exchange capacity and organic matter, were significantly correlated to the sorption of Cd after one day shaking. After 7 days of shaking, none of the soil adsorption characteristics except free CaCO3 was significantly correlated to Cd removal from wastewater. The soil saturated paste pH and suspension pH were strongly correlated to Cd sorption throughout this experiment.

The behavior of Ni in soils was different from that of Cd. Surface area, total Fe, and total Al were significantly correlated to Ni sorption. The correlation between Ni removal and pH was the strongest than any other parameter studied. After 7 days shaking, clay content and total Ca were not significantly correlated to Ni sorption.

The cation exchange capacity of the soils was not significantly correlated to Cd or Ni sorption in this experiment. It seems that in the experimental soils, concentration of Cd and Ni were probably not controlled by adsorption process. The precipitation process was probably playing a major role in the removal of these elements from the municipal wastewaters.

As observed in this experiment, the cation exchange capacity of experimental soils was a poor parameter to define sorption capacity of these soils for Cd and Ni. The guidelines for determining the soil sludge load, which are mainly based on the cation exchange capacity of soils, should be revised.

Nichols, D.S., Prettyman, D. and Gross, M. (1983), Movement of bacteria and nutrients from pit latrines in the boundary waters canoe area wilderness. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 20 (2), 171-180.

Full Text: 1983\Wat Air Soi Pol20, 171.pdf

Abstract: In the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, the movement of fecal bacteria, N, and P from pit latrines was studied, as well as the effectiveness of peat latrine liners in reducing this movement. When latrines are constructed where only a thin layer of permeable soil overlies bedrock or other impermeable material, fecal bacteria can be carried considerable distances by subsurface flow. Lining latrine pits with acid peat appears to reduce bacteria transport. Most soils strongly adsorb P and prevent its movement. In this study no movement of P from latrine pits was seen except at one site with very sandy soil. In such soil a peat liner appears to be of some value, if a peat with a high P adsorption capacity is used. A peat liner should be viewed as an additional protection against P and bacteria movement rather than as a substitute for proper soil conditions. Latrines should not be built in thin, rocky soils. Nitrogen appears to move readily from toilet pits, regardless of soil type or presence of peat liners. But, because of dilution, N is not likely to have a discernible impact on water quality.

Sadiq, M., Zaidi, T.H. and Mian, A.A. (1983), Environmental behavior of arsenic in soils: Theoretical. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 20 (4), 369-377.

Full Text: 1983\Wat Air Soi Pol20, 369.pdf

Abstract: Thermodynamics data of As species were used to develop the solubility isotherms of As minerals and solution species. The effect of redox on the stability of As minerals and the distribution of As solution species was also simulated. In oxygenated and alkaline systems, Ca₃(AsO₄)₂ was the most stable As mineral followed by Mn₃(AsO₄)₂. It was postulated that in such environments Ca₃(AsO₄)₂ and Mn₃(AsO₄)₂ might precipitate. Arsenic(V) oxide was too soluble to become an important solid phase in the aqueous environment. Under reduced and acidic concitions (pe + pH < 8 and pH < 6), As(III) oxides were stable along with As sulfides. These minerals were unstable, above pe + pH of 8. In oxidized solutions (pe + pH > 8), arsenate species were important whereas in reduced systems (pe + pH < 8), As(III) species were in abundance. Arsine gas can only form if the system was very reduced and acidic. Below pH 2.2, H₃AsO₄° was in abundance. As pH increased, H₂AsO₄ ^– species was important, followed by AsO₄ ^3– above pH 12. The results of thermodynamic stability and solubility models have been discussed in reference to soil environment.

McKay, G., Allen, S.J. and McConvey, I.F. (1984), The adsorption of dyes from solution: Equilibrium and column studies. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 21 (1-4), 127-139.

Full Text: 1984\Wat Air Soi Pol21, 127.pdf

Abstract: The ability of several adsorbents to adsorb dyes from solution has been studied and the relative costs of dye removal are reported based on adsorption capacity only. The application of the results to batch scale commercial systems has been discussed. A detailed study of the adsorption of Telon Blue dye on carbon has been undertaken using fixed beds and the data correlated into a design model using the bed depth service time (BDST) method of analysis.

McKay, G., Otterburn, M.S. and Aga, J.A. (1985), Fuller’s earth and fired clay as adsorptions for dyestuffs: Equilibrium and rate studues. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 24 (3), 307-322.

Full Text: 1985\Wat Air Soi Pol24, 307.pdf

Abstract: The ability of Fuller’s earth to adsorb a basic dye (Astrazone Blue — Basic Blue 69) and an acidic dye (Telon Blue - Acid Blue 25) has been studied. The equilibrium saturation adsorption capacities were 1200 mg dye g^–1 Fuller’s earth and 220 mg dye g^–1 Fuller’s earth for Astrazone Blue and Telon Blue, respectively.

The kinetics of the adsorption processes were studied in an agitated batch adsorber. The time to reach 90% equilibrium value was achieved in less than 1 h. The variables investigated were agitation, adsorbent mass, initial dye concentration and temperature.

A limited number of studies were undertaken using a fired clay but significantly lower saturation capacities were obtained, namely, 7 mg dye g^–1 fired clay and 40 mg dye g^–1 fired clay for Telon Blue and Astrazone Blue, respectively.

McKay, G., Otterburn, M.S. and Aga, J.A. (1985), Fuller’s earth and fired clay as adsorptions for dyestuffs external mass transport processes during adsorption. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 26 (2), 149-161.

Full Text: 1985\Wat Air Soi Pol26, 149.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics of the adsorption of two dyestuffs, Astrazone Blue (Basic Blue 69) and Telon Blue (Acid Blue 25), onto fired clay and Fuller’s earth have been studied. The rate of adsorption is controlled initially by the boundary layer film and an external mass transfer coefficient has been determined for this process under the influence of a number of variables including agitation, initial dye concentration, adsorbent particle size, adsorbent mass and temperature.

Siegel, S., Keller, P., Galam, M., Lehr, H., Siegel, B. and Galum, E. (1986), Biosorption of lead and chromium by Penicillium preparation. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 27 (1-2), 69-75.

Full Text: 1986\Wat Air Soi Pol27, 69.pdf

Abstract: Penicillium sp. mycelium can accumulate Pb from aqueous solutions of nitrate. Uptake of Pb by mycelial preparations after heat treatment was more rapid, but the maximum quantity bound remained unchanged. Chromium was not accumulated from solutions of potassium dichromate unless the mycelial preparation was first incubated in Pb nitrate. In the example given, 0.14 g of dry mycelium incubated in Pb nitrate (50 ppm, 2 hr) contained 850 gg of Pb and subsequently accumulated 120 g of Cr in 5 min from 20 mL of 20 ppm dichromate solution.

We suggest that the binding of divalent Pb cations to negative fungal wall sites reverses their charge, enabling them to accumulate Cr anions.

? Panday, K.K., Prasad, G. and Singh, V.N. (1986), Use of wollastonite for the treatment of Cu(II) rich effluents. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 27 (3-4), 287-296.

Full Text: 1986\Wat Air Soi Pol27, 287.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption technique using wollastonite has been applied for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The low concentration, high temperature and alkaline pH favor the removal of Cu(II). The Langmuir isotherm was used to represent the equilibrium data at different temperatures. The apparent heat of adsorption has been found to be 5.926 Cal mol^–1. The uptake of Cu(II) is diffusion controlled and the mass transfer coefficient is 3.6×10^–5 cm s^–1. The maximum removal of Cu(II) in alkaline medium has been explained on the basis of the uptake of hydrolyzed adsorbate species by the active surface sites of adsorbent.

Keywords: Air, Netherlands, Soil, Treatment, Water

McKay, G., Ramprasad, G. and Pratapa Mowli, P. (1987), Equilibrium studies for the adsorption of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions by low-cost materials. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 29 (3), 273-283.

Full Text: 1986\Wat Air Soi Pol29, 273.pdf

Abstract: A number of low-cost materials (teakwood bark, ricehusk, coal, bentonite clay, hair and cotton waste) have been used as adsorbents for dyestuffs in aqueous solutions. Four red and four blue dyes have been studied; each color group consisted of an acidic, a basic, a disperse and a direct dye. The equilibrium isotherm for each dye-adsorbent system was determined and adsorption capacities from zero to 200 mg dye g^–1 of adsorbent was obtained. In general basic dyes adsorbed to a greater extent than the other dye classes but no single characteristic of the dye or adsorbent seemed responsible for such dye-adsorbent interactions and adsorption capacities.

McKay, G., Otterburn, M.S. and Aga, J.A. (1987), Two resistance mass transport model for the adsorption of dyes of fullers earth. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 33 (3-4), 419-433.

Full Text: 1987\Wat Air Soi Pol33, 419.pdf

Abstract: A mass transfer model has been developed to describe the rate of adsorption of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions onto adsorbents, namely, Fuller’s earth, silica, activated C and fired clay. The model is based on external film mass transfer and solid phase internal diffusion. A computer program has been used to obtain the values of the two mass transfer parameters for each dye/adsorbent system.

McKay, G., Otterburn, M.S. and Aga, J.A. (1987), Intraparticle diffusion process occurring during adsorption of dyestuffs. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 36 (3-4), 381-390.

Full Text: 1987\Wat Air Soi Pol36, 381.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of a dyestuff, Telon Blue (Acid Blue 25) on Fuller’s earth and Astrazone Blue onto fired clay has been studied. An intraparticle diffusion rate parameter has been defined characteristic of the rate of diffusion after the early stages of the adsorption. The rate parameter has been determined for a number of variables including adsorbent mass, initial dye concentration, and particle size.

Gupta, G.S., Prasad, G., Panday, K.K. and Singh, V.N. (1988), Removal of chrome dye from aqueous solutions by fly ash. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 37 (1-2), 13-24.

Full Text: 1988\Wat Air Soi Pol37, 13.pdf

Abstract: The ability of fly ash to remove Omega Chrome Red ME (a chrome dye, mostly used in textile industries) from water has been studied. It has been found that low adsorbate concentration, small particle size of adsorbent, low temperature, and acidic pH of the medium favor the removal of chrome dye from aqueous solutions. The dynamics of adsorbate transport from bulk to the solid phase has been studied at different temperatures in light of the adsorption of dye on the outer surface as well as diffusion within the pores of fly ash. The applicability of Langmuir isotherm suggests the formation of monolayer coverage of dye molecules on the outer interface of adsorbent. The thermodynamics of chrome dye-fly ash system indicates spontaneous and exothermic nature of the process. The pronounced removal of chrome dye in the acidic range may be due to the association of dye anions with the positively charged surface of the adsorbent.

McLellan, J.K. and Rock, C.A. (1988), Pretreating landfill leachate with peat to remove metals. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 37 (1-2), 203-215.

Full Text: 1988\Wat Air Soi Pol37, 203.pdf

Abstract: In this investigation, the capacity of peat to treat two different landfill leachates was determined. Freundlich isotherms showed that, for the tested metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb), an increased time of contact increased the level of adsorption over the entire range of influent values studied. In addition, metal interaction may play an important role in the adsorption of metals from leachate, as the various metal ions compete for the available adsorption sites on the peat. Column studies using two leachates, one from a municipal refuse fill (Al, Ca, Cd, Fe, Mg, Na, and Pb), and one from a fill which receives mainly oil and fly ash (Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, and V), were conducted to establish design parameters for full-scale design. The efficiency of treatment was evaluated as a function of factors important for developing filter design criteria. Further considerations were given to filter longevity and ease of replacement, as well as for the ultimate disposal of the peat from the filters. For the municipal leachate a compaction density of 0.12 g mL^–1 gave the best results as clogging occurred at higher densities, whereas 0.18 g mL^–1 provided the best removal for the industrial leachate. While peat is incapable of adequately removing metals to acceptable levels for direct discharge, peat can provide substantial removal as a pretreatment process at low hydraulic loadings. Desorption of up to 50% was found when deionized water was applied to spent columns so ultimate disposal of the peat would require a dry environment.

McKay, G., El-Geundi, M.S. and Abdul Wahab, M.Z. (1988), Two resistance mass transfer model for the adsorption of dyes onto bagasse pith. Water Air and Soil Pollution,