Personal Research Database

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 167.pdf

Abstract: A process for vitrification of fly ash has been developed by the Swedish company ScanArc Plasma Technologies AB, and the Norwegian company Kvaerner Oil & Gas a.s. The process is named VITROARC(R). During 1996 the process was tested on different types of fly-ash under different process conditions, and the slag produced was tested for leaching behaviour in an extensive program at Netherlands Energy Reseaserch Foundation (ECN) in Holland. The project was supported by N.V. Afvalsverwerking Rijnmond (AVR) which also delivered most of the fly ash. Fly ash was also delivered from AVR Chemi and Roteb in Holland, Tiru in France and Borlange Energiverk in Sweden. The main target of the program was to verify that the produced slag fulfilled the requirements to category I material according to the Dutch regulation for building materials. During this particular program about 50 tonnes of fly ash have been vitrified individually and mixed in series of tests under different conditions. The tests have been performed in a pilot plant with capacity of processing one ton of flyash per hour. The main conclusions from this study are as follows: the VITROARC process does produce a slag material that qualifies directly for category 1 material for almost all elements. In most cases well below the crucial limit value. In the evaluation of the leaching behaviour of vitrified slag from fly ash antimony leaching proves to be the only crucial aspect in view of the Dutch regulatory requirements for building materials. The leachability of Sb varies around the limit value. It should be noted that compared with other materials, the leachability of the slag is largely surface related and almost surface limited. This implies that the leaching from VITROARC(R) slag in the long term will be far less than in most systems, meeting the criteria also for Sb, but showing a steady release of material due to solubility control. This benefit of the treatment cannot be evaluated in the current regulatory rules in Holland. It should also be noted that the Sb limit Value for N1 quality in the Dutch regulation for construction materials (0.054 mg/kg) is extremely low compared for instance to As (0.91 mg/kg), bearing in mind that As is regarded as being 10 times more poisonous than Sb is that leaching limits for Sb are not given in several other regulations. An overall conclusion from this is that the process represents a reliable, environment friendly and safe solution for stabilising and converting incinerator fly ash into useful products. The slag is also tested according to German, Austrian and Swiss regulations and fulfils their requirements for disposal of inert material. Also according to French and US regulations the leaching from the VITROARC(R) slag is below the regulatory limits. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Flyash, Vitrification, Leaching, Slag

Vandecasteele, C., Van den Broeck, K. and Dutré, V. (2000), ICP-MS, hydride generation-ICP-MS, and CZE for the study (analysis and speciation) of solidification/stabilisation of industrial waste containing arsenic. Waste Management, 20 (2-3), 211-216.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 211.pdf

Abstract: Different analytical methods were applied to analyse the leachates obtained from leach tests on S/S industrial waste containing arsenic and the treated percolate water from a landfill. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine total As and other elements, hydride generation-ICP-MS for the determination of As(III) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for As(III) and As(V). Interferences and matrix effects were studied in detail and corrected for. For the leachates, no corrections were required, for treated percolate water with lower As concentrations, in the case of ICP-MS important corrections were necessary. Results for different types of leach tests (extraction, static and semi-dynamic) and for treated percolate waters are presented. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Leach Tests, Arsenic, Solidification/Stabilization, Leach Tests

Sakai, S., Urano, S. and Takatsuki, H. (2000), Leaching behavior of PCBs and PCDDs/DFs from some waste materials. Waste Management, 20 (2-3), 241-247.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 241.pdf

Abstract: Although it is well known that some waste materials and their incinerator residues contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and PCDDs/DFs, little attention has been paid to the leaching behavior of these chemicals because of their low solubility. Due to the coexistence of surfactants in wastes, however, leaching concentration of POPs may increase. Therefore, leaching tests with and without those substances were conducted in order to understand the influence of surfactant-like substances on POPs leaching. In those tests, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and humic acid were used as surfactant-like substances. Shredder residues from car/electrical goods recycling and fly ash from a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator were used in these leaching tests. Furthermore, an experiment was carried out to understand the influence of fine particles on the leaching concentration of POPs. The results indicate that surfactant-like substances increase the leaching concentration of POPs, and fine particles related closely to the transporting behavior of POPs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), PCBs, PCDDs/Dfs, Surfactants, Leaching Tests, Fly-Ash, Soil

Sakai, S. and Hiraoka, M. (2000), Municipal solid waste incinerator residue recycling by thermal processes. Waste Management, 20 (2-3), 249-258.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 249.pdf

Abstract: The melting technology makes incinerator residues, bottom ash and fly ash, stable and non-toxic. Moreover, this type of treatment allows the melted slag to be used as a resource again. In Japan, the melting process was developed in the 1980’s and has been in practical operation at around 24 municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration facilities including scheduled ones. By the melting process, PCDDs/PCDFs in residues are decomposed at a temperature of approximately 1400°C in the furnace and volatile heavy metals an concentrated in the fly ash of the melting process. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Melting Technology, Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residue, Heavy Metals, PCDDs/PCDFs, Sludge Melting Process, Furnace, System, Slag

Serclérat, I., Moszkowicz, P. and Pollet, B. (2000), Retention mechanisms in mortars of the trace metals contained in Portland cement clinkers. Waste Management, 20 (2-3), 259-264.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 259.pdf

Abstract: This work aimed to assess the retention in the mortars of the heavy metals fed in a cement kiln with natural raw materials, fossil fuels or waste derived fuels. Industrial cement has been studied, along with laboratory samples enriched during clinkering with lead, zinc and chromium. The relevant mortars were tested for metal release through leaching studies in various chemical contexts. Zinc appeared to be insoluble in the pH range 7-13. Lead is released only in alkaline medium above pH 12.5. Hexavalent chromium, whose salts are usually very soluble, is retained though in an hydrated phase, that is stable in the chemical environment ensured by the cement matrix. Lead and chromium releases are linked to the metal levels in the mortars. The solubility studies of a chromium + sulfate ettringite revealed that chromium release is linked to its proportion in the crystal. A selective dissolution of the chromium part of ettringite has been pointed out. This leads to a lowering of the chromium level in such a solid contacted with water. Theses results improved the understanding of the release mechanisms of chromium by the mortar blocks. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Leaching Studies, Cement, Mortar Blocks

Cudahy, J.J. and Helsel, R.W. (2000), Removal of products of incomplete combustion with carbon. Waste Management, 20 (5-6), 339-345.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 339.pdf

Abstract: Carbon injection and carbon beds have been used in Europe for the control of incinerator polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (furan) emissions since the 1980s. In the April 1996 proposed Hazardous Waste Combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology standards, the US Environmental Protection Agency identified carbon injection as Beyond-the-Floor control technology for dioxin emissions from hazardous waste incinerators. In addition to dioxins and furans, data from hazardous and municipal waste incinerators have shown that carbon injection or carbon bed control will also reduce emissions of other products of incomplete combustion (PICs). This paper will qualitatively discuss the theoretical aspects of the carbon adsorption of PICs at baghouse and electrostatic precipitator temperatures and flue gas concentrations of parts per million to billion or lower. A summary of data on PIC removal with carbon from hazardous and municipal waste incinerators is also presented. Most of the carbon-PIC data described is for non-dioxin PICs. The emphasis in this paper is on non-dioxin PICs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Carbon Adsorption, Non-Dioxin Products of Incomplete Combustion (PICS), Hazardous and Municipal Waste Incinerators

Ryan, J.V., Lemieux, P.M., Pollard, K., Workman, R., Antley, B. and Yurk, J. (2000), Characterization of organic emissions from hazardous waste incineration processes under the new EPA draft Risk Burn Guidance: Measurement issues. Waste Management, 20 (5-6), 347-353.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 347.pdf

Abstract: EPA’s recently published draft Risk Burn Guidance recommends that hazardous waste combustion facilities complete a mass balance of the total organics (TOs) that may be emitted from the combustor. TOs, consisting of three distinct fractions (volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile organic compounds) are determined using measurement techniques specific to the boiling point (bp) range of each component. Preliminary proof-of-concept tests have been performed to gain further knowledge of the total chromatographable organics (TCO) and gravimetric analysis (GRAV) procedures used to determine the semivolatile and nonvolatile organic fractions. A commercially prepared Method 8270 semivolatile organic standard solution, made up of 112 compounds containing a variety of halogenated, oxygenated, nitrogenated, and sulfonated hydrocarbons, in addition to those hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen, was used to examine measurement biases of the TCO and GRAV methods. The results indicate that, at least for this particular standard, both methods are accurate, exhibiting biases <±10%. However, these TCO results may be deceiving. TCO measurement biases observed for select individual semivolatile organic compounds are well in excess of the composite bias observed. The composite bias observed may be more a result of a relatively equal number of negative and positive biases that negate each rather than a true indication of TCO measurement bias. Further methods evaluation work is required to support this tenet. Additional tests were performed to verify that the semivolatile organic mass was not redundantly measured by the GRAV procedure. Experiments were also performed to expand the mass of nonvolatile organic material that could be quantified using the TCO procedure. Expanding the TCO working bp range may be a viable alternative to the GRAV technique. It must be cautioned that these results are not fully comprehensive in nature and, as a result, applications of these results are limited. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Risk Burn Guidance, Total Organics (TOS), Organic Emissions, Hazardous Waste Incineration

Johnson, E.A., Rudin, M.J., Steinberg, S.M. and Johnson, W.H. (2000), The sorption of selenite on various cement formulations. Waste Management, 20 (7), 509-516.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 509.pdf

Abstract: Twenty-seven cementitious formulations containing three levels of water/solids ratio (0.45, 0.50, and 0.55), three concentrations of silica fume (0, 10, and 20%), and three concentrations of clay (0, 3, and 5%) were evaluated for their ability to effectively sorb selenite (SeO₃^2-) from an alkaline solution. A batch sorption procedure was utilized to determine distribution coefficients (K_d) for selenite between water and each cement formulation. Experimental K_d values obtained ranged from 250 to 930 1 kg^-1. The results indicated that varying the water and clay content of the mixes had little effect on selenite sorption, while adding increasing amounts of silica fume in a cement mix tended to decrease selenite sorption. A sorption/desorption study using several concentrations of selenium ranging from 6.5 to 1510 ppb was also conducted on cement formulations at one water/solids ratio (0.50), no silica fume, and three concentrations of clay (0, 3, and 5%). Freundlich isotherms were fitted to the sorption and desorption data. Results indicated that selenite sorption was irreversible under these conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Selenite, Batch Sorption, Freundlich Isotherms, Cement, Soil, Adsorption, Goethite, Selenate

Marinin, D.V. and Brown, G.N. (2000), Studies of sorbent/ion-exchange materials for the removal of radioactive strontium from liquid radioactive waste and high hardness groundwaters. Waste Management, 20 (7), 545-553.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 545.pdf

Abstract: Different sorbents were studied in terms of their full-scale applicability for radioactive strontium removal in low-level liquid radioactive waste (LLRW) management. The following types of sorbent/ion-exchange materials were investigated: natural zeolite-clinoptilolite, modified natural clinoptilolite, synthetic zeolites, new synthetic crystalline materials selective to strontium, ion-exchange resins, and modified fiber sorbents. Simulated solutions for experimental tests were prepared according to the composition of one of the facilities at the Hanford nuclear site (Richland, WA, USA). The following experiments were performed at different concentrations of strontium and competing elements (calcium, on the first hand): batch tests for determination of strontium distribution coefficients, sorbent/ion-exchanger selectivity to strontium in time presence of calcium, and kinetic measurements of strontium uptake. Modifications of Amberlite and Duolite ion-exchange resins (Rohm and Haas, USA) and new synthetic crystalline materials - silicotitanate IE-911 (UOP, USA) and sodium titanate (Allied Signal, USA) - showed the highest distribution coefficients of strontium (K_d similar to 210⁴-410⁵ ml/g). For all materials, the K-d decreased significantly with increased calcium concentration. On the other hand, each of these sorbents showed poor selectivity to strontium in the presence of calcium. Newly developed sorbents (Institute of Chemistry, Vladivostok, Russia) based on a fiber matrix (FM and FP) showed the best relative selectivity to strontium followed by the natural zeolite (clinoptilolite extracted and produced in the USA). Synthetic zeolites (IE-96, TIE-96) had moderate values of both parameters (distribution coefficient and selectivity). Fiber sorption materials were also absolute leaders in kinetic measurements removing 40% to 60% of the strontium from solution within a few minutes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Low-Level Liquid Radioactive Waste, Radioactive Strontium, Sorbent/Ion-Exchange Materials

Vlyssides, A.G., Papaioannou, D., Loizidoy, M., Karlis, P.K. and Zorpas, A.A. (2000), Testing an electrochemical method for treatment of textile dye wastewater. Waste Management, 20 (7), 569-574.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 569.pdf

Abstract: Wastewater from total dyeing and finishing stages (TDFW)and wastewater only from dyeing stage (DW) from a Textile cellulosic reactive azo dyeing process were treated separately by an electrochemical method using Ti/Pr as anode and Stainless Steel 304 as cathode. In this technique, sodium chloride was used as an electrolyte and the mixture was passed through an electrolytic cell. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the chemicals produced (chlorine, oxygen, hydroxyl radicals and other oxidants) the GOD, BOD of the wastewaters were substantially decreased using this electrochemical technique. A number of experiments were run in a batch 5 litre apparatus and the results of the electrochemical treatment on the two kinds of wastewaters are reported here. The results indicate that the electrochemical method used is feasible for treatment of textile dyeing wastewaters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Textile, Color Removal, Wastewater, Electrolysis Treatment, Water Treatment, Oxidation, Pollutants, Ozonation

Altundoğan, H.S., Altundoğan, S., Tümen, F. and Bildik, M. (2000), Arsenic removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on red mud. Waste Management, 20 (8), 761-767.

Full Text: W\Was Man20, 761.pdf

Abstract: Use of red mud, which is a waste product from bauxite processing, has been explored as an alternate adsorbent for arsenic in this study. The tests showed that the alkaline aqueous medium (pH 9.5) favored the removal of As(III), whereas the pH range from 1.1 to 3.2 was effective for As(V) removal. The process of arsenic adsorption follows a first-order rate expression and obeys the Langmuir’s model. It was found that the adsorption of As(III) was exothermic, whereas As(V) adsorption was endothermic. It would be advantageous to use this residue as an adsorbent replacing polyvalent metal salts. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Arsenic Adsorption, Red Mud, Langmuir Isotherm, As(III) Removal, Hydroxide

Sivaraj, R., Namasivayam, C. and Kadirvelu, K. (2001), Orange peel as an adsorbent in the removal of Acid Violet 17 (acid dye) from aqueous solutions. Waste Management, 21 (1), 105-110.

Full Text: W\Was Man21, 105.pdf

Abstract: The effectiveness of orange peel in adsorbing Acid violet 17 from aqueous solutions has been studied as a function of agitation time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. The adsorption follows both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity Q₀ was 19.88 mg/g at initial pH 6.3. The equilibrium time was found to be 80 min for 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L, dye concentration respectively. A maximum removal of 87% was obtained at pH 2.0 for an adsorbent dose of 600 mg/50 ml of 10 mg/L dye concentration. Adsorption increases with increase in pH. Maximum desorption of 60% was achieved in water medium at pH 10.0. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherms, Adsorption Kinetics, Biogas Waste Slurry, Color Removal, Congo Red, Desorption, Dye, Equilibrium, Isotherms, Orange Peel, Peel, Pith, Water

? Jung, J., Lee, J.K. and Hahn, P.S. (2001), Development and application of a sorption data base for the performance assessment of a radwaste repository. Waste Management, 21 (4), 363-369.

Full Text: 2001\Was Man21, 363.pdf

Abstract: A sorption data base (SDB) provides readily available data for the performance assessment of a radwaste repository when site-specific and/or reference data are needed. The software developed at KAERI, SDB-21C, is a graphic user interface (GUI) program that provides efficient and user-friendly tools for evaluating large amount of sorption data. In addition, the most comprehensive sorption data base that contains about 11,000 NEA data and 2,000 KAERI data was compiled in the program. Besides the simple Kd approach, a parametric model and its compiled data sets are also included in the SDB-21C. In order to evaluate the versatility of SDB-21C, several applications were performed for relevant hypothetical situations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Assessment, Cations, Data Base, Performance Assessment, Software, Sorption

Namasivayam, C., Radhika, R. and Suba, S. (2001), Uptake of dyes by a promising locally available agricultural solid waste: Coir pith. Waste Management, 21 (4), 381-387.

Full Text: W\Was Man21, 381.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of rhodamine-B and acid violet by coir pith carbon was carried out by varying the parameters such as agitation time, dye concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. The adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity was found to be 2.56 mg and 8.06 mg dye per g of the adsorbent for rhodamine-B and acid violet, respectively. Adsorption of dyes followed first order rate kinetics. Acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption of acid violet and alkaline pH was favorable to rhodamine-B. Desorption studies showed that alkaline pH was favorable für the desorption of acid violet and acidic pH was favorable for the desorption of rhodamine-B. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Coir Pith, Dyes, Adsorption Dynamics, Isotherms, pH Effect, Fe(III)/Cr(III) Hydroxide, Aqueous-Solutions, Removal, Equilibrium, Adsorption, Slurry, Water

Lemieux, P.M., Lee, C.W., Ryan, J.V. and Lutes, C.C. (2001), Bench-scale studies on the simultaneous formation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs from combustion systems. Waste Management, 21 (5), 419-425.

Full Text: W\Was Man21, 419.pdf

Abstract: The presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment has wide-ranging potential ecological and health impacts on animals and humans. A significant amount of experimental and theoretical work has been performed the examining formation and control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which account for only part of the EDCs being emitted from combustion devices. Generally accepted mechanistic theories for PCDD/F formation propose heterogeneous reactions in the cooler regions of the combustor involving gas-phase organic precursors (such as chlorobenzenes or chlorophenols), a chlorine donor [such as hydrogen chloride (HCl)], and a flyash-bound metallic catalyst (such as copper chloride). There is evidence that some other proposed EDCs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are formed through a similar mechanistic pathway as PCDD/Fs. In addition, there is evidence that certain important steps in the catalytic reaction between the copper catalyst and the organic precursors may suggest a common rate limiting step for the heterogeneous formation of the previously mentioned EDCs. This paper reports on a bench-scale experimental study to characterize a newly built reactor system that was built to: produce levels and distributions of PCDD/F production similar to those achieved by previous researchers; verify similar responses to changes in independent variables; examine the hypothesis that PCB formation rates exhibit trends similar to PCDD/F formation rates as reactor variables are changed; and begin to explore the dependence of PCB formation on temperature and precursor type. The reactor system has been built, and initial reactor characterization studies have been performed. Initial experiments yielded results that support the hypothesis of a similar formation mechanism of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in combustors. Initial experiments uncovered potential deficiencies with the reactor system and the experimental procedures and have suggested corrective action to improve the experimental system. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Keywords: PCB, Reactor, Combustion, Heterogeneous, Dioxin, PCDD/F, Waste Combustion, Fly-Ash, Dioxin, Incinerators

Ho, T.C., Chuang, T.C., Chelluri, S., Lee, Y. and Hopper, J.R. (2001), Simultaneous capture of metal, sulfur and chlorine by sorbents during fluidized bed incineration. Waste Management,