Title: Waste Management & Research

Title: Waste Management & Research

ISO Abbreviated Title: Waste Manage. Res.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Waste Manage Res

ISSN: 0734-242X

Issues/Year: 6

Journal Country/Territory: England

Language: Multi-Language

Publisher: Academic Press Ltd

Publisher Address: 24-28 Oval Rd, London NW1 7DX, England

Subject Categories:

Engineering, Environmental: Impact Factor 0.466, 18/36 (2000)

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 0.605, 75/126 (1999); Impact Factor 0.605, 93/127 (2000)

? Marklund, S., Soderstrom, G., Ljung, K., Rappe, C., Kraft, M. and Hagenmaier, H. (1992), Parallel sampling for dioxins using various sampling techniques at a swedish municipal solid-waste incinerator. Waste Management & Research, 10 (1), 21-36.

Full Text: 1992\Was Man Res10, 21.pdf

Abstract: Parallel sampling was carried out in a Swedish municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator, on two consecutive days, with five different sampling techniques. The samples were analysed for chlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and chiorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) at two laboratories, one in Sweden and the other in Germany. Two different spiking protocols were used, both including pre-sampling or clean-up spikes from each homolog group of the tetra to octa CDDs and CDFs. Comparable results were obtained for all five sampling methods for the emission data and the recoveries for all pre-sampling spikes were above 50%. The agreement between the two laboratories was good. The different sampling methods resulted in very similar congener distributions (congener profiles) or isomer distributions (isomer patterns). However, the sampling techniques differ considerably in the distribution of PCDDs/PCDFs in various sampling compartments. The sampling techniques where large contribution of PCDDs and PCDFs could be found in the wash solvent may suffer from losses and/or cross-contamination problems unless the washing is carried out properly. The use of a cooled probe in combination with an adsorption (polyurethane foam plug) or absorption (ethoxyethanol) trap, where the main portion of the PCDDs and PCDFs were found in the condensate, is considered as a convenient and efficient sampling technique.

Keywords: Dioxin, PCDD, PCDF, Incineration, MSW, Municipal Solid Waste, Stack Gas, Sampling

? Wild, S.R., Mitchell, D.J., Yelland, C.M. and Jones, K.C. (1992), Arrested municipal solid-waste incinerator fly-ash as a source of polynuclear aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAHS) to the environment. Waste Management & Research, 10 (1), 99-111.

Full Text: 1992\Was Man Res10, 99.pdf

Abstract: Arrested fly ash samples from most currently operating municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators on the U.K. mainland have been analysed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ashes have a mean PAH content of about 227 g kg⁻. This is generally lower than concentrations observed in U.K. surface soils. Benzo[ghi] perylene was the most abundant individual compound, and the most frequently detected. The PAH content of ashes does not appear to be related to incinerator type, but rather it is likely that poor gas phase combustion favours higher PAH levels. The significance of PAHs in ash residues and their possible fate following disposal to landfill are discussed.

Keywords: PAHs, Arrested Municipal Fly Ash, Sewage Sludge Fly Ash, Coal Fly Ash, Landfill

? Belevi, H., Stämpfli, D.M. and Baccini, P. (1992), Chemical behavior of municipal solid-waste incinerator bottom ash in monofills. Waste Management & Research, 10 (2), 153-167.

Full Text: 1992\Was Man Res10, 153.pdf

Abstract: A method is presented to predict the short-term (months to years) and long-term (> 30 years) chemical behaviour of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators in monofills. It is based on bottom ash composition and laboratory kinetic studies of bottom ash with water. Bottom ash after the quench tank is a reactive mixture in which slow and fast acid/base reactions occur. These intrinsic acid/base reactions continue for at least several months, and the end point is not yet known. The heavy metal concentrations observed in the aqueous extracts reflect primarily the advance of these reactions. Consequently leaching tests based solely on short-term (hours to months) extraction procedures cannot predict the chemical behaviour of bottom ash in monofills. However, laboratory experiments with samples of bottom ash, in which the intrinsic acid/base reactions have proceeded differently, provide useful information on the nature of chemical reactions significant in the short- and long-term.

Keywords: Bottom Ash, Characterization, Chemical Behaviour, Elements, Final Storage, Incineration, Landfill, Leaching, Long-Term, Monofill, Municipal Solid Waste

? Pitea, D., Lasagni, M. and Bonati, L. (1992), The toxicity equivalency factor scheme applied to municipal incinerator PCDD PCDF emissions when specific congener information is lacking. Waste Management & Research, 10 (4), 329-343.

Full Text: 1992\Was Man Res10, 329.pdf

Abstract: The 2,3,7,8-TODD Toxicity EQuivalents (TEQ) approach provides a useful method for estimating the environmental risk of polychlorodibenzodioxin and polychlorodibenzofuran complex mixtures, thus making it possible to express their toxicological significance with only one number. Generally the conversion of the concentration units into those of TEQ requires an isomer-specific analysis and the appropriate Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEF). In this paper we propose a ‘theoretical’ model for estimating TEQ values of PCDD + PCDF mixtures which, starting from the experimental value of the PCDD + PCDF concentration (g Nm⁻³) and the theoretical value of PCDD and PCDF fingerprints in the emissions from municipal incinerators, to make an estimate of the global toxicity in terms of ng TEQ Nm⁻³. The TEQ values estimated for a number of samples are in good agreement with those calculated from the isomer and congener experimental data. Given the investment and running costs plus the time and the analytical complexity in determining the congeners and single isomer concentrations, it seems that the proposed ‘theoretical’ model is a reasonable tool for estimating the exposure hazard related to a complex mixture of PCDD/PCDFs emitted from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators. Another objective of this paper is to explore the consistency between scientific knowledge and the authority regulatory guidelines. This work shows that the Italian national emission standard (4 g Nm⁻³) for the total PCDD+PCDF concentration is higher than the international target of 0.1 ng TEQ Nm⁻³. We suggest a value of 1 g Nm⁻³ for TCDD + TCDF concentration if Italian regulators want to add a further constraint.

Keywords: Polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Incinerators; Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEF), Toxicity Equivalents (TEQ), Health risks

Stegemann, J.A., Schneider, J., Baetz, B.W. and Murphy, K.L. (1995), Lysimeter washing of MSW incinerator bottom ash. Waste Management & Research, 13 (2), 149-165.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res13, 149.pdf

Abstract: Stockpiled municipal waste incinerator bottom ash is frequently considered for utilization as a construction material. Two 360 kg lysimeter experiments were conducted to study percolation washing of contaminants from stockpiled MSW bottom ash. One lysimeter was leached with a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, as a possible pre-treatment for improvement of the bottom ash characteristics prior to utilization, while the other was leached using distilled water. The lysimeter leachate was analysed, and at the end of the 2-year leaching period, the bottom ash from each lysimeter was subjected to several laboratory tests to assess the effect of the treatments. The laboratory tests showed that distilled water leachability of both treated ashes was an order of magnitude lower than that of fresh ash, but long-term contaminant leachability under acidic conditions had not changed. Although alkaline washing clearly resulted in greater contaminant removal than did distilled water washing, the chemical properties of the alkaline-leached bottom ash were not significantly different from those of the water-leached ash.

Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Incinerator Bottom Ash, Lysimeter, Column, Alkaline Washing, Leaching, Metals, Chlorides, Sulfate

Fängmark, I., Strömberg, B., Berge, N. and Rappe, C. (1995), The influence of fly-ash load and particle-size on the formation of PCDD, PCDF, PCBZ and PCB in a pilot incinerator. Waste Management & Research, 13 (3), 259-272.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res13, 259.pdf

Abstract: A laboratory-scale, fluidized bed reactor fuelled by a synthetic fuel was used to study the influence of fly ash load, particle size, temperature and residence time on the low-temperature formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Large fly ash particles were removed from the flue gases by means of a cyclone at the entrance to the cooling section of the reactor. The experimental variables were varied according to an experimental plan of full factorial design. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzo-furans, polychlorinated benzenes and biphenyls were analysed in the collected flue gas samples. Despite the fact that most of the fly ash load was removed by the cyclone, formation of chlorinated aromatics occurred to the same extent as in earlier experiments, without the cyclone. These results demonstrate the importance of small fly ash particles in the post-combustion formation of chlorinated aromatics.

Keywords: Incineration, Dioxin, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDD), Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF), Polychlorinated Benzenes (PCBZ), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), Fly Ash, Surface Area, Full Factorial Design

Hasselriis, F. (1995), National incinerator testing and evaluation program: The environmental characterization of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) combustion technology mid-connecticut facility, hartford, connecticut. Waste Management & Research, 13 (5), 499-500.

Full Text: 1995\Was Man Res13, 499.pdf

Abstract: The environmental characterization of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) semi-suspension burning technology was jointly undertaken by Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) as part of ongoing programmes of both agencies that assess municipal solid waste combustion technologies. The facility tested is located in Hartford, Connecticut and represents a ‘state-of-the-art’ technology, including a spray dryer/fabric filter air pollution control (APC) system for each unit.

Results were obtained for a variety of steam production rates, combustion conditions, flue gas temperatures, and acid gas removal efficiencies. All incoming wastes and each ash residue stream were weighed, sampled, and analysed. Key incinerator and APC system operating variables were monitored on a ‘real time’ basis. A wide range of analyses for acid gases, trace organics, and heavy metals was carried out on gas emissions and all the ash discharges.

Very low concentrations were observed of trace organics, heavy metals, and acid gases in stack emissions. High removal efficiencies were attained by the APC system for trace organics and metals in the flue gas. Trace organic contaminants in the ashes were not soluble in water, while only very small amounts of most trace metals present in the ashes were soluble in water. A significant reduction in metal mobility was achieved for fabric filter ash that was solidified using cement and waste pozzolanic materials. Mutli-variate correlations were found between trace organics at the furnace exit and indicators for combustion conditions, such as operating variables and easily monitored combustion gases. These parameters could potentially be used to control incinerator operating conditions to ensure minimal trace organics in the flue gas entering the APC system.

Lecuyer, I., Bicocchi, S., Ausset, P. and Lefevre, R. (1996), Physico-chemical characterization and leaching of desulphurization coal fly ash. Waste Management & Research, 14 (1), 15-28.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res14, 15.pdf

Abstract: Fly ash produced by coal combustion using two types of desulphurization process were studied: a conventional pulverized coal boiler equipped with lime injection (PCL ash), and a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler with limestone injection (CFBC ash). The ashes were characterized completely: granulometry, morphology, mineralogy, chemical composition and behaviour to water contact.

Both PCL ash and CFBC ash present similar features: fine granulometry, presence of anhydrite phase and sulphate content. However, PCL ash also shows lots of spherical particles, unlike CFBC ash, and a much higher lime content, due to the lower desulphurization rate in PC boilers. Unlike CFBC ash, most of the trace elements in PCL ash show an inverse concentration-particle size dependence.

Leachates obtained from both samples are rich in soluble salts [CaSO₄ and Ca(OH)₂] and arsenic and selenium are prevented from solubilizing by high lime content.

In wetted PCL ash, the formation of ettringite crystals stabilizes calcium and sulphate ions. Simultaneously, arsenate, selenate and chromate anions are trapped in the crystal. CFBC ash does not really harden because the lime content is too low. However, the leached selenium concentration is cut down in wetted CFBC ash samples. (C) 1996 ISWA

Keywords: Fly Ash, Desulphurization, Trace Element, Leaching, Furnace Sorbent Injection, Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, Arsenic, Selenium, Chromate

Albino, V., Cioffi, R., Santoro, L. and Valenti, G.L. (1996), Stabilization of residue containing heavy metals by means of matrices generating calcium trisulphoaluminate and silicate hydrates. Waste Management & Research, 14 (1), 29-41.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res14, 29.pdf

Abstract: Two binding matrices based on blast furnace slag or fly ash/lime mixtures were studied in relation to the stabilization/solidification of a residue from a municipal solid waste incinerator. Their use is of interest because of the formation of calcium trisulphoaluminate and silicate hydrates.

Mixtures of the above matrices with up to 80% of the incinerator residue were paste-hydrated and cured for 28 days at 25°C and 100% relative humidity. The effect of added waste on the hydration phenomena was studied by means of differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effectiveness of these systems as stabilization/solidification matrices was checked by means of mechanical and leaching tests. Cured samples with up to 20-40% of added waste gave compressive strengths sufficiently high for reuse as building materials.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency leaching test has shown that disposal in a landfill in which no facilities for collecting and treating percolating waters are provided, is possible with 40-60% of waste content.

Finally, the American Nuclear Society dynamic leaching test has shown that the entrapment is mainly dependent on the physical binding potential of the matrices. (C) 1996 ISWA

Keywords: Stabilization Solidification, Toxic and Hazardous Waste, Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, Coal Fly Ash, Blast Furnace Slag, Chemical Gypsum, Ettringite, Compressive Strength, Leaching, Phosphogypsum

Egemen, E. and Yurteri, C. (1996), Regulatory leaching tests for fly ash: A case study. Waste Management & Research, 14 (1), 43-50.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res14, 43.pdf

Abstract: In many countries throughout the world, fly and bottom ashes originating from coal-fired thermal power plants are declared as wastes requiring special care during reuse and disposal. In this regard, a number of toxicity tests have been developed to assess the metal leaching potential of ash residues. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from the Catalagzi thermal power plant, located on the northwestern coast of Turkey, were subjected to toxicity tests such as the extraction (EP) and toxicity characteristic leaching (TCLP) procedures of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), and the so-called Method A extraction procedure of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results observed for the extracts were compared with each other and the selected tests were evaluated in terms of their use in representing leaching under natural held conditions. (C) 1996 ISWA

Keywords: Thermal Power Plants, Solid Wastes, Fly Ash, Metal Leaching, Leachate, Toxicity Testing

Lu, C.S. (1996), A model of leaching behaviour from MSW incinerator residue landfills. Waste Management & Research, 14 (1), 51-70.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res14, 51.pdf

Abstract: A mathematical model is presented to predict quantity and quality of leachate from incinerator residue landfills. The model is based on the unsaturated flow equation, the solute transport equation, the equation of chemical and microbial processes, and the water balance equation of the leachate collection system. Good agreement was obtained by comparing model simulation with data of laboratory column-leaching tests in the literature. The important parameters were evaluated in a sensitivity analysis to determine their respective effects. Five parameters were identified to strongly influence the model performance: saturated volumetric moisture content (_s), ultimate mass of leachable contaminant (M_o), maximum contaminant concentration (C_max), saturated hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer (K_d), and slope angle of the liner (). (C) 1996 ISWA

Keywords: Leachate Model, Msw Incinerator Residues, Fly Ashes, Leachate Collection System, Sensitivity Analysis, Solid-Waste Landfills, Metals, Ashes, Transport, Flow

Ouki, S.K. and Kavannagh, M. (1997), Performance of natural zeolites for the treatment of mixed metal-contaminated effluents. Waste Management & Research, 15 (4), 383-394.

Full Text: W\Was Man Res15, 383.pdf

Abstract: Two natural zeolites, clinoptilolite and chabazite, have been evaluated with respect to their selectivity and removal performance for the treatment of effluents contaminated with mixed heavy metals, namely Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni and Co. Parameters such as metal concentration, pH and presence of competing ions were examined and removal performance was determined in terms of the zeolites, ion-exchange capacity measured at room temperature. The study showed that at metal concentrations ranging from 1 mgl^-1 to 10mgl^-1 the zeolites exhibited an optimum removal efficiency at metals concentration of 10 mgl^-1. Clinoptilolite and chabazite exhibited different selectivity profiles for all metals studied except for Pb for which both zeolites performed exceptionally well. The selectivity sequences for clinoptilolite and chabazite are summarized as follows: chabazite (Ph>Cd>Zn>Co>Cu>Ni>Cr); and clinoptilolite (Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn>Cr>Co>Ni). The study also showed that the chabazite exchange capacity is superior to that of clinoptilolite which is mainly due to the higher AI substitution of Si which provides chabazite with a negative framework favourable to higher exchange capability. Solution pH was found to have an effect on metal removal as pH can influence both the character of the exchanging ions and the zeolite itself. The metal removal mechanism was demonstrated to be controlled by ion exchange and precipitation was negligible. The results also showed that Ca was a major competing cation for ion exchange for both clinoptilolite and chabazite when concentrations exceeded 1000 mgl^-1. Overall, chabazite and clinoptilolite removal efficiency was not affected by the presence of more than one heavy metal in solution which demonstrates their potential application in the treatment of effluents contaminated with mixed heavy metals. (C) 1997 ISWA.

Keywords: Chabazite, Clinoptilolite, Competing Cations, Effluent Treatment, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metals, Ion Exchange, Metals, Natural Zeolites, Removal, Removal Efficiency, Selectivity, Zeolite, Zeolites

? Lo, I.M.C., Lee, S.C.H. and Mak, R.K.M. (1998), Sorption of nonpolar and polar organics on dicetyldimethylammonium-bentonite. Waste Management & Research, 16 (2), 129-138.

Full Text: 1998\Was Man Res16, 129.PDF

Abstract: Sorptions of four nonpolar, nonionic organic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX)), and four polar, ionizable phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) on dicetyldimethylammonium (DCDMA) bentonite were determined in single-, binary-, ternary-and quaternary-solute systems. Uptake onto the DCDMA-bentonite increases in the order: benzene < toluene < ethylbenzene < o-xylene, which corresponds to the order of increasing hydrophobicity. The sorption isotherms in a single-solute system show that the uptake is highly linear, well correlated with solubility and pH independent, which suggests the sorption mechanism is perhaps due to partitioning. Therefore, the competition seen among other solutes in the uptake of BTEX is unexpected. By comparison, the uptake of phenolic compounds increases in the order: phenol < 2 chlorophenol < 2,4-dichlorophenol < 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Moreover, sorption isotherms are nonlinear, pH dependent and competitive, which indicates that the uptake may be a result of both partitioning and site specific adsorption. The impact of solution pH on the sorption of phenolic compounds that can be protonated or deprotonated to various extents depending on their pK(a) is also observed.

Keywords: Hydrophobicity, Organophilic Clays, Partitioning, Site Specific, Sorption, Bentonite, Tetrachloromethane Sorption, Clay, Water, Adsorption, Smectite

Leinonen, H. and Lehto, J. (2001), Purification of metal finishing waste waters with zeolites and activated carbons. Waste Management & Research, 19 (1), 45-57.

Full Text: 2001\Was Man Res19, 45.PDF

Abstract: Sixteen zeolites and 5 activated carbons were tested for the removal of nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, chromium, and cobalt from waste simulants mimicking effluents produced in metal plating plants. The best performances were obtained from 4 zeolites: A, X, L, and ferrierite types and from 2 carbon types made from lignite and peat. The distribution coefficients for these sorbents were in the range of 10,000-440,000 ml/g. Column experiments showed that the most effective zeolites for Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd were A and X type zeolites. The activated carbons, Hydrodarco 3000 and Norit Row Supra, exhibited good sorption properties for metals in aqueous solutions containing complexing agents.

Keywords: Ion Exchange, Zeolite, Activated Carbon, Metal Plating, Wastewater Simulants, Effluent Treatment, WMR268-2, Exchangers

? Liu, S.Y., Gao, J., Qu, B., Yang, Y.J. and Xin, X. (2010), Kinetic models for the adsorption of lead ions by steel slag. Waste Management & Research, 28 (8), 748-753.

Full Text: 2010\Was Man Res28, 748.pdf

Abstract: Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics of adsorption of lead ions by steel slag on the basis of the external diffusion, intraparticle diffusion and adsorption reaction model (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order). The results showed that the controlling step for the adsorption kinetics changed with experimental parameters varied. When the particle size of steel slag was larger than 120 mesh, intraparticle diffusion of Pb²⁺ was the controlling step; when the initial concentration of Pb²⁺ was less than 150 mg L^-1 or the shaking rate was lower than 150 rpm, external diffusion of Pb²⁺ was promoted. Contrary to the former experimental conditions, the adsorption reaction was the controlling step, and the adsorption followed second-order kinetics, with an adsorption rate constant of 13.26 g mg^-1 min^-1. The adsorption isotherm of Pb²⁺ with steel slag followed the Langmuir model, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99.

Keywords: Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Rate, Aqueous-Solution, Blast-Furnace Slag, Concentration, Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Cu²⁺, Diffusion, Dye, Experimental, Experiments, Heavy Metal, Intraparticle Diffusion, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Kinetics of Adsorption, L1, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Lead, Model, Models, Particle Size, Pb²⁺, Pseudo First Order, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constant, Removal, Second Order, Second Order Kinetics, Second-Order, Second-Order Kinetics, Size, Slag, Sorption, Sphagnum Moss Peat, Steel Slag