Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1988\Wat Air Soi Pol42, 33.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of four dyestuffs onto bagasse pith has been studied. A method has been presented for the prediction of concentration decay vs time. The model is based on external mass transfer and pore diffusion and enables the external transport coefficients and the effective diffusivities to be determined. Constant mass transport. coefficients were obtained for each dye-pith system to correlate the effects of varying the initial dye concentration and pith mass. The external mass transfer coefficients are 1.4×10^–2, 1.24×10^–2, 1.5×10^–3, and 2.5×10^–3 cm s^–1 and the effective diffusivities are 6.5×10^–6, 2.6×10^–6, 4.5×10^–7, and 5.7×10^–7 cm² s^–1 for Basic Blue 69, Basic Red 22, Acid Blue 25, and Acid Red 114, respectively.

Singh, D.B., Prasad, G., Rupainwar, D.C. and Singh, V.N. (1988), As(III) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 42 (3-4), 373-386.

Full Text: 1988\Wat Air Soi Pol42, 373.pdf

Abstract: The removal of As(III) from aqueous solutions at different concentrations, pH and temperatures by haematite has been carried out successfully. The maximum removal was found to be 96 % at concentration 13.34 mol L^–1, temperature 20 °C and pH 7.0. The process of uptake follows first-order adsorption rate expression and obeys the Langmuir’s model of adsorption. The removal of As(III) by haematite is also partially diffusion controlled and mass transfer coefficients, diffusion coefficients and thermodynamic parameters have been determined to explain the results.

Chaturvedi, A.K., Yadava, K., Pathak, K.C. and Singh, V.N. (1990), Defluoridation of water by adsorption on fly ash. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 49 (1-2), 51-61.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol49, 51.pdf

Abstract: The ability of fly ash to remove fluoride from water and wastewaters has been studied at different concentrations, times, temperatures and pH of the solution. The rate constants of adsorption, intraparticle transport, mass transfer coefficients and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated at 30, 40, and 50 °C. The empirical model has been tested at various concentration for the present system. The removal of fluoride is favorable at low concentration, high temperature and acidic pH.

Keywords: Soil, Water

Sharma, Y.C., Gupta, G.S., Prasad, G. and Rupainwar, D.C. (1990), Use of wollastonite in the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 49 (1-2), 69-79.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol49, 69.pdf

Abstract: The ability of wollastonite to adsorb Ni(II) from water has been carried out. A removal of 92% of Ni(II) with 20 g L^–1 of adsorbent was observed at 50 mg L^–1 adsorbate concentration, 6.5 pH and 30 °C. The process follows a first order rate kinetics with diffusion controlled nature and the data fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Removal of Ni increases from 10 to 92% with the rise of pH from 3.0 to 8.0 and thereafter it remains almost unchanged. This change has been explained on the basis of aqueous-complex formation and the subsequent acid base dissociation at the solid-solution interface.

Keywords: Soil, Water

Markert, B. and Thornton, I. (1990), Multielement analysis of an English peat bog soil. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 49 (1-2), 113-123.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol49, 113.pdf

Abstract: Nineteen elements were quantitatively determined by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma in peat profiles in Ringinglow Bog, Derbyshire, England. For the elements Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Ti, and Zn an enrichment in the upper 5 cm of the peat bogs was found probably caused by anthropogenic influences. The elements Al, Be, Cu, and Pb showed a different distribution pattern with maximum concentration in the 5 to 15 cm layer. The elements Mg, Na, and Sr showed no enrichment in the upper 55 cm of the peat reflecting the constant input of these elements from the sea during the last few centuries. Upper parts (leaves and stems) of the plants investigated (Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum vaginatum) only represent higher values of Pb compared with the normal element content in other plants. Compared with the results of peat profiles in a Norwegian bog, the concentrations of the comparable elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) are much higher in the English peat. Ringinglow Bog seem to be very suitable for further investigations within the scope of a global monitoring programme.

Heathwaite, A.L. (1990), The effect of drainage on nutrient release from fen peat and its implications for water-quality: A laboratory simulation. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 49 (1-2), 159-173.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol49, 159.pdf

Abstract: The effect of peat moisture status on N, S, Ca, and Mg release to drainage waters was examined using a constant temperature laboratory incubation. Peat samples originating from drained and undrained sites in West Sedgemoor, Somerset Levels, SW England were compared. Three treatments: long term waterlogging, aeration, and fluctuating aeration and waterlogging were imposed on all peat samples. These treatments resulted in different rates and total amounts of N, S, Ca, and Mg release, with waterlogging resulting in highest solute release. The total amounts and rates of release of S, Ca, and Mg from peat that was undrained prior to incubation always exceeded that from drained site peat samples regardless of peat moisture status. Although the degree of waterlogging or aeration affected the rate and total amount of watersoluble N released during incubation, there was no difference between peat that was drained, and peat that was undrained, prior to incubation. Drainage of currently undrained and waterlogged peat in West Sedgemoor will result in the transfer of high concentrations of S, Ca, and Mg from the peat to the drainage ditch.

McKay, G. and Bino, M.J. (1990), Simplified optimization procedure for fixed-bed adsorption systems. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 51 (1-2), 33-41.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol51, 33.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of phenol, p-chlorophenol and mercuric ions onto activated carbon in fixed beds has been studied. The effects of process variables such as bed height and residence have been studied. The results have been used to predict optimum conditions for the systems based on the C exhaustion rate and the empty bed residence time (EBRT).

? Smith, E.H. and Weber, Jr., W.J. (1990), Comparative-assessment of the chemical and adsorptive characteristics of leachates from a municipal and an industrial landfill. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 53 (3-4), 279-295.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol53, 279.pdf

Abstract: Leachates from two landfills, one municipal and one industrial, were compared with respect to their chemical and adsorptive characteristics. Concentrations of most inorganic constituents were as much as an order of magnitude higher for the industrial leachate. The concentration of organic matter in that leachate, measured as total organic carbon (TOC), was more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of the municipal leachates, but specific priority pollutants identified were different. The adsorptive characteristics of the waste samples with respect to activated carbon were evaluated using TOC as a lumped parameter expression of organic matter concentration. Adsorption equilibria and rates for the municipal leachate system were reasonably well described by treating TOC as a single component for modeling purposes. The industrial leachate required a multicomponent approach. Ideal adsorbed solution theory was used in this case to characterize the behavior of a set of hypothetical TOC components. The approach was able to account, to some degree, for the competitive interactions evident among organic solutes comprising the mixture.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon Adsorption, Equilibria, Gac, Humic Substances, Kinetics, Mixtures, Organic Matter, Organic-Matter

Siegel, S.M., Galun, M. and Siegel, B.Z. (1990), Filamentous fungi as metal biosorbents: A review. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 53 (3-4), 335-344.

Full Text: 1990\Wat Air Soi Pol53, 335.pdf

Abstract: Common filamentous fungi (e.g. Penicillium spp, Rhizopus spp) serve as sources of highly effective heavy metal biosorbents. Derivatives of fungal biomass range from purified cell wall fractions to whole, heat killed mycelium otherwise unmodified. Limited trials suggest a moderate degree of regenerability. When compared with commercial ion-exchange resins, carbons and metal oxides, fungal derivatives generally perform well. Fungal systems offer considerable versatility with respect to metals taken up and bound including the cations Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, La, Pb, Th, and U as well as Cr and Mo anions. Versatility also extends to physico-chemical conditions such as pH and heat tolerance. A deterrent to the application of these materials to waste water management has been a lack of standardized conditions along with the inability to make interspecies comparisons. However, potentials for use of filamentous fungi as biosorbents and their tailoring by genetic techniques to meet specific needs, recommend them for further research and development.

Keywords: Rhizopus-arrhizus, Penicillium Biomass, Biosorption, Uranium, Mechanism, Thorium, Ions

? Osteen, A.B. and Bibler, J.P. (1991), Treatment of radioactive laboratory waste for mercury removal. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 56, 63-74.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Air Soi Pol56, 63.pdf

Abstract: Routine analyses of Savannah River Laboratory wastes at the Savannah River Site occasionally reveal Hg concentrations in the waste in excess of the 0.200 mg L^-1 RCRA limit. An ion exchange resin was demonstrated to be effective for the removal of dissolved Hg from experimental waste in a special, permitted decontamination project. The ion exchange material is Duolite(TM) GT-73, a polystyrene/divinylbenzene resin with thiol (S-H) functional groups. As a result of the resin’s demonstrated effectiveness in that decontamination project, it has been placed in use or is under consideration for use with several other Site radwaste streams as a reliable medium for Hg removal.

Sawhney, B.L. and Frink, C.R. (1991), Heavy-metals and their leachability in incinerator ash. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 57-8, 289-296.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Air Soi Pol57-8, 289.pdf

Abstract: Samples of ash from municipal refuse incenrators in six Connecticut towns as well as samples of incinerated sewage sludge were collected during 1988 and 1989. The samples were analyzed for pH, metal content by HNO₃ + H₂O₂ digestion, extractable metals by solvents including NaOAc, DTPA, H₂CO₃ and H₂O. Two samples were examined for metals that could be leached by H₂O from laboratory columns. Most ash samples were highly alkaline and their pH changed slowly, decreasing by about two pH units over a 6-week period. The variability in metal content of ash from different incinerators was similar to that observed in samples obtained from the same facility at different times. Only a portion of the metals were extracted by the solvents in the order NaOAc > DTPA > H₂CO₃ > H₂O. The relative amounts of the total metals in the ash that could be extracted with specific solvents varied widely, suggesting different chemical forms in different ashes. After the initial removal of large concentrations of metals in the leachates from laboratory columns over 2 to 3 days, leaching of metals continued at extremely low concentrations that were generally below drinking water standards.

Keywords: Refuse

? Kuo, S. and Jellum, E.J. (1991), Affinity constants and behavior of Cd sorption in some acid soils. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 57-8, 369-376.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Air Soi Pol57-8, 369.pdf

Abstract: Cadmium sorption was studied in several acidic soils in a pH range from 4.5 to 6.5. The soils had two classes of surfaces with acidity constants (pKa₁ = 4.09 and pKa₂ = 6.39) similar to those for weakly and very weakly acidic carboxyls, and N-containing groups in fulvic acid. Titratable H⁺ and acidity constants were used to estimate the number of exchange sites at each pH level. Sorption of Cd was closely related to Cd concentration, pH, and soil type. Although the inclusion of pH and organic C contents in a regression accounted for some variations in the Cd distribution coefficient defined as the ratio of the quantity of Cd sorbed to the solution Cd concentration, the number of sorption sites was a more appropriate factor to explain the variability. Because of a negligible contribution to the number of exchange sites from Fe oxides, the sorption of Cd at pH = 4.5 was considered to be of a one-surface Langmuir type. A two-surface Langmuir equation was considered to model sorption at higher pH values. The average affinity constants (log K) were 3.61 and 4.89 for Cd sorption by the two classes of surfaces. [Author abstract; 18 Refs; In English]

Keywords: Adsorption, Binding, Cadmium, Distribution Coefficient, Metals, Model, Oxide, pH, Phosphate, Sewage-Sludge, Sorption, Two-Surface Langmuir, Zinc

McKay, G. (1991), Two solutions to adsorption equations for pore diffusion. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 60 (1-2), 117-133.

Full Text: 1991\Wat Air Soi Pol60, 117.pdf

Abstract: Two solutions for the prediction of concentration vs time decay curves in agitated batch adsorbers, based on external mass transfer and pore diffusion, are presented and these enable mass transfer coefficients and pore diffusivities to be estimated by fitting to experimental data. Solutions have been developed for predicting concentration vs time decay curves for the adsorption of pollutants from water. The first solution, Model 1, applies a polynomial curve fit equation to the experimental concentration-time data and then differentiates the equation to yield dC/dt values at various time values. Certain problems were encountered in its application and therefore Model 2 was developed; this model uses an exponential curve fit equation and yielded results which were in better agreement with experimental data. Consequently a more rigorous program was developed to apply Model 2 to the experimental data. The solutions enable theoretical data to be compared with experimental results and ‘best fit’ external mass transfer coefficients and pore diffisivities to be determined for various systems.

Keywords: Model

Namasivayam, C. and Yamuna, R.T. (1992), Removal of Rhodamine-B by biogas waste slurry from aqueous solution. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 65 (1-2), 101-109.

Full Text: 1992\Wat Air Soi Pol65, 101.pdf

Abstract: The ability of biogas waste slurry to adsorb a basic dye (Rhodamine-B) has been investigated. The parameters include agitation time, initial dye concentration, pH and adsorbent dosage. The rate controlling step is mainly intraparticle diffusion. The adsorption rate constant was found to be 2.910^-2 min^-1 at 20 mg L^-1 initial dye concentration. The adsorption conforms with Freundlich isotherm. Removal of the dye was at least 90% in the entire pH range from 2.3 to 11.2. Desorption of the dye in 50% (v/v) acetic acid to the extent of 69.7% indicates that most of the dye is held by the adsorbent by chemisorption.

Keywords: Equilibrium, Dyes

? Sen, A.K. and Bhattacharyya, M. (1994), Studies of uptake and toxic effects of Ni(II) on Salvinia-Natans. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 78 (1-2), 141-152.

Full Text: 1994\Wat Air Soi Pol78, 141.pdf

Abstract: The uptake of Ni(II) and toxic effects of the metal on some biochemical parameters in Salvinia natans L. were studied. The uptake of Ni(II) by the plants gradually increased with increase in concentration of Ni(II) in the culture medium. Maximum accumulation of Ni(II) was noted within a day and maximum removal (about 90%) was recorded up to 20 g mL^-1 of Ni(II). Accumulation of the metal in roots (14.75 g mL^-1) is greater than that of shoots (5.25 g mL^-1). Ni(II) > 10 g mL^-1 promoted senescence of Salvinia plants by decreasing chlorophylls, protein, amino acid, Hill activity, dry weight and by inducing necrosis. In the absence of other pollutants, Salvinia plants may be used for removal of Ni(II) from effluents and also as an indicator of Ni pollution.

Keywords: Accumulation, Copper, Hg(II), Injury, Nickel, Ozone, Pistia-Stratiotes, Plants, Pollution, Roots, Tomato

? Girault, L., Lemaire, P., Boudou, A. and Dufourc, E.J. (1995), Inorganic mercury interactions with lipid components of biological-membranes - P-31-NMR study of Hg(II) binding to headgroups of micellar phospholipids. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 80 (1-4), 95-98.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Air Soi Pol80, 95.pdf

Abstract: Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in micellar phase in water have been studied by high resolution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (P-31-NMR), in order to follow inorganic mercury Hg(II) binding to the lipid headgroups. Decrease of the NMR peak area is observed upon HgCl₂ addition? pith greater effect on PE and PS compared to PC. This is interpreted by Hg(II) binding to several phospholipid headgroups, linking different micelles together and forming by extension a large ‘insoluble’ phospholipid-mercury network that is undetectable by high-resolution P-31-NMR. The extent of phospholipid aggregation depends on the mercury-to-lipid molar ratio, and apparent Hg(II) affinities to phospholipid headgroups are in the order: PE>PS>>PC, When HgCl₂ is added to mixed micelles prepared with two lipids (PE/PC or PS/PC), co-precipitation is observed for both components in similar proportions.

Keywords: Chloride, Hg²⁺, Model, Cell

? Persicani, D. (1995), Analysis of leaching behavior of sludge-applied metals in 2 field soils. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 83 (1-2), 1-20.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Air Soi Pol83, 1.pdf

Abstract: Two different field soils were treated with a single dose of liquid sludge having a high heavy metals concentration. Two years later, a soil sampling was made to determine the trace metals concentration profiles. No significant distribution difference was measured between soils, whereas significant leaching differences were observed among heavy metals so that the following decreasing mobility order was observed: Zn greater than or equal to Cd greater than or equal to Cu greater than or equal to Pb. A physically-based model (HYDRUS) was used, with some approximations of the infiltrating water input, to simulate heavy metals movement through both soil profiles. Linear and nonlinear adsorption coefficients were estimated form literature data in which the respective values were obtained by three different approaches. Simulations carried out by means of Freundlich isotherm parameters gave unrealistic predictions for both soils and all the metals. On the contrary, the use of linear sorption parameters enabled HYDRUS to yield acceptable simulations, particularly when the lowest Kd values were used.

Keywords: Municipal Sewage-Sludge, Treated Soils, Heavy-Metals, Cadmium, Retention, Sorption, Movement, Copper, Adsorption, Elements.

Asami, T., Kubota, M. and Orikasa, K. (1995), Distribution of different fractions of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in unpolluted and polluted soils. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 83 (3-4), 187-194.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Air Soi Pol83, 187.pdf

Abstract: McLaren and Crawford’s method for fractionating soil Cu was modified and used to fractionate soil Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu in 38 soil samples from 11 soil profiles from industrially polluted and nearby unpolluted areas. Pollutant metals, especially Cd and Zn, were more soluble than the native soil metals. On average, approximately 45% of Cd was present in the CaCl₂ soluble (CA) fraction, whereas corresponding values for the other metals were below 10%. The percentages of each metal in the CA fraction followed the order Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu. The same order was observed for the acetic acid soluble (AAC) fraction. Approximately 30% of total Pb and Cu were present in the pyrophosphate soluble (PYR) fraction and only 10% of total Cd and Zn. Approximately 20% of total Zn or Pb and 10% of Cd or Cu were present in the free oxide (OX) fraction. Only 20% of Cd and between 40-50% of the other 3 metals were present in the residual (RES) fraction. The results show that Cd is more labile than the other 3 metals.

Aber, J.D., Magill, A., Mcnulty, S.G., Boone, R.D., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Downs, M. and Hallett, R. (1995), Forest biogeochemistry and primary production altered by nitrogen saturation. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 85 (3), 1665-1670.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Air Soi Pol85, 1665.pdf

Abstract: Results from four intensive site-level manipulations acid one extensive field survey in northern temperate and boreal forests show a consistent set of responses to chronic N additions. These include 1) initial and often large increase in net N mineralization followed by decreases, 2) increases in net nitrification. 3) increases in N concentration in foliage and 4) decreased Mg: N and Ca: Al ratios and declining tree growth and vigor in all evergreen stands. These results are synthesized into a set of proposed summary relationships that define the temporal pattern of responses of N-limited systems to N additions.

Brown, M., Dyke, H., Wright, S.M., Wadsworth, R.A., Bull, K.R., Farmer, A., Bareham, S., Metcalfe, S.E., Whyatt, D. and Powlesland, C. (1995), Estimating the impact of air pollution on environmentally valuable sites. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 85 (4), 2589-2594.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Air Soi Pol85, 2589.pdf

Abstract: Concern about the environmental effect of air pollution on areas of high conservation value in the UK has prompted the statutory agencies to initiate an investigation on these areas. For this, critical loads maps have been used together with predicted air pollution data, monitored air pollution data and remotely sensed land cover information within a geographic information system (GIS). Additional information on designated Sites of Special Scientific interest (SSSI) for England and Wales have also been incorporated. This provides the framework for examining potential impacts to these sites under various current and future scenarios. The approach allows for the investigation of the impacts of individual point sources as well as complete national scenarios. Preliminary results are provided from analysis of a single pollutant (sulphur). These indicate that nationally up to 52% of the area of SSSI’s (5000 km²) are at risk from soil acidification. Using this approach it has been possible to apportion the load on any SSSI, thereby enabling the ecological impacts of each point source to be identified. This information can then be used to assess priorities for regulatory controls.

Sadiq, M. and Alam, I. (1996), Arsenic chemistry in a groundwater aquifer from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 89 (1-2), 67-76.

Full Text: 1996\Wat Air Soi Pol89, 67.pdf

Abstract: Groundwater samples were collected from shallow aquifers underneath an industrial complex in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Arsenic (As) concentrations in the groundwater samples varied between 10(-8.6) and 10(-6.8) M (0.18 and 11.14 µg L^-1), with an average of 10(-7.5) M (2.19 µL^-1). The analysis of variance for the analytical data showed that sampling locations had significantly affected As concentrations in the groundwater samples. Analytical and thermodynamic calculations showed that H₂AsO₄^- was the most predominant As species in acidic groundwater samples, and HAsO₄^2- was the most abundant species in alkaline groundwater samples. Concentrations of H₃AsO₄ degrees and AsO₄^3- were too low to be important in this study. Reduced As chemical forms were also expected to be very low. All the groundwater samples were undersaturated with respect to the thermodynamic solubility isotherms of Ca₃(AsO₄)₂(c), Fe₃(AsO₄)₂(C), and Mn₃(AsO₄)₂(c) minerals. Lack of reliable thermodynamic data for these arsenates could be responsible for differences between the theoretical and measured concentrations of As in the shallow groundwater samples. The general trend in the distribution of HAsO₄^2-activities in the groundwater samples was parallel to that of the Ca₃(AsO₄)₂ solubility isotherm but different from those of Fe₃(AsO₄)₂(c), and Mn₃(AsO₄)₂(c). These data suggest that As concentrations in the groundwater samples were probably controlled by the precipitation and dissolution of Ca₃(AsO₄)₂ type mineral. A three step hypothesis for As interactions in groundwater/soil system is proposed that combines both solid phase formation and adsorption of As onto the solid colloidal surfaces. This hypothesis is expected to better represent As behavior in groundwater/soil environment.

Keywords: Arsenic Forms, Arsenic Concentrations, Solubility Isotherms, Groundwater Aquifers, Soils, Solubility, Sorption

Papapetropoulou, M. and Moschopoulos, H. (1996), Detection of Salmonella spp in estuarine waters by using both the conventional culture. Water Air and Soil Pollution,