§ 9.53. Articles of Entity Conversion

(1) set forth the name of the corporation immediately before the filing of the articles of entity conversion and the name to which the name of the corporation is to be changed, which shall be a name that satisfies the organic law of the surviving entity;

(2) state the type of other entity that the surviving entity will be;

(3) set forth a statement that the plan of entity conversion was duly approved by the shareholders and if voting by any separate voting group was required, by each such separate voting group, in the manner required by this chapter and the articles of organization;

(4) if the surviving entity is a filing entity, either contain all of the provisions required to be set forth in its public organic document and any other desired provisions that are permitted, or have attached a public organic document, except that, in either case, provisions that would not be required to be included in a restated public organic document may be omitted;

(b) After the conversion of a domestic other entity to a domestic business corporation has been adopted and approved as required by the organic laws of the other entity, articles of entity conversion shall be executed on behalf of the other entity by any officer or other duly authorized representative. The articles shall:

(1) set forth the name of the other entity immediately before the filing of the articles of entity conversion and the name to which the name of the other entity is to be changed, which shall be a name that satisfies the requirements of section 4.01;

(2) set forth a statement that the plan of entity conversion was duly approved in accordance with the organic law of the other entity;

(3) either contain all of the provisions that subsection (a) of section 2.02 requires to be set forth in articles of organization and any other desired provisions that section 2.02 subsection (b) of permits to be included in articles of organization, or have attached articles of organization, except that, in either case, provisions that would not be required to be included in restated articles of organization of a domestic business corporation may be omitted.

(c) After the conversion of a foreign other entity to a domestic business corporation has been authorized as required by the laws of the foreign jurisdiction, articles of entity conversion shall be executed on behalf of the foreign other entity by any officer or other duly authorized representative. The articles shall:

(1) set forth the name of the other entity immediately before the filing of the articles of entity conversion and the name to which the name of the other entity is to be changed, which shall be a name that satisfies the requirements of section 4.01;

(2) set forth the jurisdiction under the laws of which the other entity was organized immediately before the filing of the articles of entity conversion and the date on which the other entity was organized in that jurisdiction;

(3) set forth a statement that the conversion of the other entity was duly approved in the manner required by its organic law; and

(4) either contain all of the provisions that subsection (a) of section 2.02 requires to be set forth in articles of organization and any other desired provisions that subsection (b) of section 2.02 permits to be included in articles of organizations, or have attached articles of organization, except that, in either case, provisions that would not be required to be included in restated articles of organization of a domestic business corporation may be omitted.

(d) The articles of entity conversion shall be delivered to the secretary of state for filing, and shall take effect at the effective time provided in section 1.23.

(e) The corporation shall file a copy of the articles of entity conversion certified by the state secretary in the registry of deeds in each district within the commonwealth in which real property of the corporation is situated. The entity conversion shall be valid and effective in accordance with the terms of the plan of entity conversion and the articles of entity conversion delivered to the secretary of state pursuant to subsection (d) of section 9.53, notwithstanding any failure to make the filing.

(f) If the converting entity is a foreign other entity that is authorized to transact business in the commonwealth under a provision of law similar to PART 15, its authority or other type of foreign qualification shall be cancelled automatically on the effective date of its conversion.
§ 9.54. Surrender of Charter Upon Conversion
(a) Whenever a domestic business corporation has adopted and approved, in the manner required by this subdivision, a plan of entity conversion providing for the corporation to be converted to a foreign other entity, articles of charter surrender shall be executed on behalf of the corporation by any officer or other duly authorized representative. The articles of charter surrender shall set forth:

(1) the name of the corporation;

(2) a statement that the articles of charter surrender are being filed in connection with the conversion of the corporation to a foreign other entity;

(3) a statement that the conversion was duly approved by the shareholders and, if voting by any separate voting group was required, by each such separate voting group, in the manner required by this chapter and the articles of organization;

(4) the jurisdiction under the laws of which the surviving entity will be organized;

(5) if the surviving entity will be a nonfiling entity, the address of its executive office immediately after the conversion.

(b) The articles of charter surrender shall be delivered by the corporation to the secretary of state for filing. The articles of charter surrender shall take effect on the effective time provided in section 1.23.
§ 9.55. Effect of Entity Conversion
(a) When a conversion under this subdivision in which the surviving entity is a domestic business corporation or domestic other entity becomes effective:

(1) the title to all real and personal property, both tangible and intangible, of the converting entity remains in the surviving entity without reversion or impairment;

(2) the liabilities of the converting entity remain the liabilities of the surviving entity;

(3) an action or proceeding pending against the converting entity continues against the surviving entity as if the conversion had not occurred;

(4) in the case of a surviving entity that is a filing entity, the articles of conversion, or the articles of organization or public organic document attached to the articles of conversion, constitute the articles of organization or public organic document of the surviving entity;

(5) in the case of a surviving entity that is a nonfiling entity, the private organizational document provided for in the plan of conversion constitutes the private organizational document of the surviving entity;

(6) the shares or interests of the converting entity are reclassified into shares, interests, other securities, obligations, rights to acquire shares, interests or other securities of the surviving entity or into cash or other property in accordance with the plan of conversion, and the shareholders or interest holders of the converting entity are entitled only to the rights provided in the plan of conversion or, in the case of a converting entity that is a domestic business corporation, to any rights they may have under PART 13; and

(7) the surviving entity is considered to:

(i) be a domestic business corporation or other entity for all purposes;

(ii) be the same corporation or other entity without interruption as the converting entity that existed prior to the conversion; and

(iii) have been incorporated or otherwise organized on the date that the converting entity was originally incorporated or organized.

(b) When a conversion of a domestic business corporation to a foreign other entity becomes effective, the surviving entity is considered to:

(1) appoint the secretary of state as its agent for service of process in a proceeding to enforce the rights of shareholders who exercise appraisal rights in connection with the conversion; and

(2) agree that it will promptly pay the amount, if any, to which such shareholders are entitled under PART 13.

(c) A shareholder who becomes subject to owner liability for some or all of the debts, obligations or liabilities of the surviving entity as a result of an entity conversion shall be personally liable only for those debts, obligations or liabilities of the surviving entity that arise after the effective time of the articles of entity conversion.

(d) The owner liability of an interest holder in an other entity that converts to a domestic business corporation shall be as follows:

(1) The conversion does not discharge any owner liability under the organic law of the other entity to the extent any such owner liability arose before the effective time of the articles of entity conversion.

(2) The interest holder shall not have owner liability under the organic law of the other entity for any debt, obligation or liability of the corporation that arises after the effective time of the articles of entity conversion.

(3) The provisions of the organic law of the other entity shall continue to apply to the collection or discharge of any owner liability preserved by paragraph (1), as if the conversion had not occurred and the surviving entity were still the converting entity.

(4) The interest holder shall have whatever rights of contribution from other interest holders are provided by the organic law of the other entity with respect to any owner liability preserved by paragraph (1), as if the conversion had not occurred and the surviving entity were still the converting entity.

(b) If an entity conversion is abandoned after articles of entity conversion or articles of charter surrender have been filed with the secretary of state but before the entity conversion has become effective, a statement that the entity conversion has been abandoned in accordance with this section, executed by an officer or other duly authorized representative, shall be delivered to the secretary of state for filing before the effective date of the entity conversion. Upon filing, the statement shall take effect and the entity conversion shall be considered abandoned and shall not become effective.

(b) A shareholder of the corporation shall not have a vested property right resulting from any provision in the articles of organization, including provisions relating to management, control, capital structure, dividend entitlement, or purpose or duration of the corporation.

(a) The proposed amendment must be adopted by the board of directors.

(b) Except as provided in sections 10.05, 10.07, and 14.34, after adopting the proposed amendment the board of directors shall submit the amendment to the shareholders for their approval.

(c) The board of directors may condition its submission of the amendment to the shareholders on any basis.

(d) If the amendment is required to be approved by the shareholders, and the approval is to be given at a meeting, the corporation shall notify each shareholder, whether or not entitled to vote, of the meeting of shareholders at which the amendment is to be submitted for approval. The notice shall state that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to consider the amendment and shall contain or be accompanied by a copy or a summary of the amendment.

(e) Unless (1) a greater percentage vote, or action by 1 or more additional separate voting groups, is required by the articles of organization, pursuant to subsection (a) of section 7.27, by the bylaws, pursuant to section 10.21, or by the board of directors, acting pursuant to subsection (c) of section 10.03, or (2) the articles provide for a lesser percentage vote, in accordance with subsection (b) of section 7.27, approval of the amendment requires:

(1) except as otherwise provided in clause (2), the affirmative vote of two-thirds of all the shares entitled generally to vote on the matter by the articles of organization, and in addition two-thirds of the shares of any voting group entitled to vote separately on the matter by the chapter, by the articles, by the bylaws, or by action of the board of directors pursuant to subsection (c) of section 10.03, or

(2) if the amendment relates solely to (A) an increase or reduction in the corporation's capital stock of any class or series then authorized, (B) a change in its authorized shares into a different number of shares or the exchange thereof pro rata for a different number of shares of the same class or series, or (C) a change of its corporate name, the required vote shall be a majority rather than two-thirds, except that if the vote of a separate voting group is required under section 10.04, the required vote of that voting group shall remain two-thirds.

If the amendment to the articles of organization changes a quorum or voting requirement for action by the shareholders, approval by the shareholders shall satisfy not only the quorum and voting requirement then applicable for amendment of the articles but also the particular quorum or voting requirement being changed.

(f) The articles of organization of any corporation, a plan of reorganization of which, pursuant to any applicable statute of the United States relating to reorganizations of corporations, has been or shall be confirmed by the decree or order of a court of competent jurisdiction may be amended as provided in section 14.34, notwithstanding the terms of this section.

(1) increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of the class or the series;

(2) authorize an exchange or effect a reclassification of all or part of the shares of the class or series into shares of another class or series;

(3) authorize an exchange or create a right of exchange, or effect a reclassification, of all or part of the outstanding shares of another class or series into shares of the class or series;

(4) change the designation, or the stated rights, preferences or limitations of all or part of the shares of the class or the series;

(5) change all or part of the shares of the class or series into a different number of shares of the same class or series;

(6) increase the voting rights of the outstanding shares of another class or series relative to the voting rights of the subject class or series;

(7) increase directly the stated rights or preferences of the outstanding shares of another class or series with respect to distributions or to dissolution, to make them prior, superior, or substantially equal to the rights or preferences of the subject class or series, or do so indirectly by way of implementing an exchange or reclassification of the outstanding shares of the other class or series into shares of a third class or series;

(8) limit or deny an existing preemptive right of all or part of the outstanding shares of the class or series; or

(9) cancel or otherwise affect interests in distributions or dividends that have accumulated but not yet been declared on all or part of the outstanding shares of the class or series.

(b) If a proposed amendment that entitles the holders of 2 or more classes or series of shares to vote as separate voting groups under this section would affect those 2 or more classes or series in the same or a substantially similar way, the holders of shares of all the classes or series so affected shall vote together as a single voting group on the proposed amendment, unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or required by the board of directors.

(c) A class or series of shares is entitled to the voting rights granted by this section although the articles of organization provide that the shares are nonvoting shares.

(1) to extend the duration of the corporation if it was incorporated at a time when limited duration was required by law;

(2) if the corporation has only one class of shares outstanding:

(a) to change each issued and unissued authorized share of the class into a greater number of whole shares of that class; or

(b) to increase the number of authorized shares of the class to the extent necessary to permit the issuance of shares as a share dividend;

(3) to change the corporate name by substituting the word "corporation," "incorporated," "company," "limited," or the abbreviation "corp.," "inc.," "co.," or "ltd.," for a similar word or abbreviation in the name, or by adding, deleting, or changing a geographical attribution for the name;

(4) to reflect a reduction in authorized shares, as a result of the operation of subsection (b) of section 6.31, when the corporation has acquired its own shares and the articles of organization prohibit the reissue of the acquired shares;

(5) to delete a class or series of shares from the articles of organization, as a result of the operation of subsection (b) of section 6.31 or of the conversion of the shares, when there are no remaining shares of the class or series because the corporation has acquired all shares of the class or series, or all shares of the class or series have been converted into other securities, and the articles of organization prohibit the reissue of the acquired or converted shares; or

(6) to make any change expressly permitted by section 6.02 to be made without shareholder approval.
§ 10.06. Articles of Amendment
After an amendment to the articles of organization has been adopted and approved in the manner required by the chapter and by the articles of organization, the corporation shall deliver to the secretary of state for filing articles of amendment setting forth:

(1) the name of the corporation;

(2) the text of each amendment adopted;

(3) if an amendment authorizes an exchange, or effects a reclassification or cancellation, of issued shares, provisions for implementing that action unless contained in the amendment itself;

(4) the date of each amendment's adoption;

(5) if an amendment:

(a) was adopted by the incorporators or board of directors without shareholder approval, a statement that the amendment was duly approved by the incorporators or by the board of directors, as the case may be, and that shareholder approval was not required;

(b) required approval by the shareholders, a statement that the amendment was duly approved by the shareholders in the manner required by this chapter and by the articles of organization.

(b) If the restated articles include one or more new amendments that require shareholder approval, the amendments must be adopted and approved as provided in section 10.03.

(c) A corporation that restates its articles of organization shall deliver to the secretary of state for filing articles of restatement setting forth the name of the corporation and the text of the restated articles of organization together with a certificate which states that the restated articles consolidate all amendments into a single document and, if a new amendment is included in the restated articles, which also includes the statements required under section 10.06.

(d) Duly adopted restated articles of organization supersede the original articles of organization and all amendments thereto.

(e) The secretary of state may certify restated articles of organization as the articles of organization currently in effect, without including the certificate information required by subsection (c).
§ 10.08. Effect of Amendment
An amendment to the articles of organization shall not affect a cause of action existing against or in favor of the corporation, a proceeding to which the corporation is a party, or the existing rights of persons other than shareholders of the corporation. An amendment changing a corporation's name shall not abate a proceeding brought by or against the corporation in its former name.
PART B. AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS
§ 10.20. Amendment by Board of Directors or Shareholders
(a) The power to make, amend or repeal bylaws shall be in the shareholders. If authorized by the articles of organization, or by the bylaws pursuant to authorization in the articles, the board of directors may also make, amend or repeal bylaws in whole or in part, except with respect to any provision thereof which by virtue of an express provision in this chapter, the articles of organization, or the bylaws, requires action by the shareholders.

(b) Not later than the time of giving notice of the meeting of shareholders next following the making, amending or repealing by the board of directors of any bylaw, notice stating the substance of the action taken by the board of directors shall be given to all shareholders entitled to vote on amending the bylaws. Any action taken by the board of directors with respect to the bylaws may be amended or repealed by the shareholders.

(b) Approval of an amendment to the bylaws that changes or deletes a quorum or voting requirement for action by shareholders must satisfy both the applicable quorum and voting requirements for action by shareholders with respect to amendment of the bylaws and also the particular quorum and voting requirements sought to be changed or deleted.

(c) A bylaw dealing with quorum or voting requirements for shareholders, including additional voting groups, may not be adopted, amended or repealed by the board of directors.