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MACRONEUROLOGICAL EXAM



COGNITIVE FUNCTION



1. Concentration/Speed of thought

  1. Normal mental ability

  2. Notes some diminished capacity for concentration or need for longer time to accomplish normal tasks but able to manage nearly all of daily affairs

  3. Definitely loses track of conversation or task, takes more than twice as long to complete some tasks, needs help to manage more difficult tasks of daily life (e.g. financial records) or complex work activities

  4. Marked slowing of mental processes, perseveration or loss of train of thought, needs help to manage almost all daily affairs requiring cognition

  5. Only rudimentary cognition

  6. Cannot evaluate

  7. Not elicited


2. Reading (or TV)

  1. Normal

  2. Notes mild increase in effort or occasionally loses place in either reading or TV

  3. Reduced reading or TV because of slowness, clearly more laborious, or requires repeated efforts, but can follow news or similar subjects

  4. Reading or TV markedly reduced because of difficulty attending or following plot but occasionally reads or watches with reduced attention or comprehension

  5. Unable to read or watch TV at all because cannot make sense of subject, etc.

  1. Cannot evaluate

  2. Not elicited



3. Memory

  1. Normal

  2. Mildly more forgetful than usual, will occasionally miss appointments

  3. Definite memory difficulty, needs to keeps lists, forgets events of day or activities in mid task

  4. Frankly confused at times about events, places, persons

  5. Persistently disoriented to time, frequently to place or person

  1. Cannot evaluate

  2. Not elicited




4. Speech

  1. Normal

  2. Mild hesitancy, extra deliberation of occasional use of inappropriate words

  3. Definite slowness or difficulty finding words of use of wrong or inappropriate words

  4. Reduced speech output or frequent speech errors

  5. Speech limited to a few phrases at best

  1. Cannot evaluate

  2. Not elicited


MOTOR FUNCTION




5. Gait

  1. Normal

  2. Mild unsteadiness, imbalance, slowness or weakness, but fully ambulatory without assistance

  3. Unsteady or weak, requiring cane or some prop

  4. Requires bilateral (e.g. walker or human) prop

  5. Unable to walk

  1. Cannot evaluate

  2. Not elicited




6. Upper Extremity Coordination

  1. Normal dexterity

  2. Mild slowing or clumsiness of hands without functional impairment

  3. Moderate clumsiness of hands, altering handwriting or slowing regular hand activities (eating, etc.)

  4. Marked clumsiness resulting in difficulty performing ADL (e.g. difficulty feeding without manual help of others)

  5. Unable to perform hand-related ADL because of incoordination

  1. Cannot evaluate

  2. Not elicited




7. Involuntary Movement (Includes Tremor, Myoclonus & Chorea)

  1. None or normal mild tremor

  2. Noticeable new or increase in adventitious movements, but does not interfere with ADL

  3. New or increased adventitious movements impair handwriting or other manual tasks, but still can function independently for most ADL

  4. Marked adventitious movements interfering with most ADL

  5. Severe adventitious movements necessitate nearly full-time care

  1. Cannot evaluate

  2. Not elicited




8. Bladder Incontinence

00 Normal control

01 Rare or occasional loss (doesn't make it) or urgency

02 Incontinence > 2/week

03 Requires indwelling Foley or Texas, or frequent (daily) incontinence

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited
BEHAVIOR/MOOD
9. Mood

00 Normal spirits, no depression

01 Depressed about illness but does not intrude on function

02 Very depressed, requiring medication or therapy

03 Severe depression, requires suicide precautions

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited




10. Social Apathy/Withdrawal

00 Normal socialization

01 Diminished interest but continues with normal activities

02 Activities reduced because of lack of interest or initiative but maintains most contacts

03 Marked loss of interest in friends and normal social activities, does not seek social contact

04 Little or no meaningful socialization

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited




11. Emotional Lability/Agitation

00 Normal

01 Irritable, more easily agitated or excited, but does not alter social ability

02 Clearly labile or hyperactive so that interactions are altered, with occasional inappropriate

social interaction

03 Nearly constant hyperactivity or hypomania interfering with social interactions

04 Frank delirium or psychosis
MENTAL STATUS and AFFECT




12. Level of Consciousness (best fit)


  1. Normal 05 Lethargic

  2. Delirious 06 Stuporous, unresponsive to verbal stimuli

  3. Agitated 07 Persistent vegetative state of coma

  4. Anxious 08 Cannot evaluate

  5. Slow 09 Not elicited



12a. If lethargic,

00 Readily arousable 01 Requiring frequent arousal








13. Degree of Alteration

00 Normal emotional response and expression

01 Mildly abnormal affect; clearly inappropriate but allows coherent and full interaction

02 Moderate-to-severely altered affect, heavily colors all interactions

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited






14. Type of Alteration

  1. Normal 05 Depressed

  2. Labile, increased emotionality 06 Flat, lacking emotional expression

  3. Prevalent anxiety, hyperactivity 07 Other _____________________________

  4. Hypomania or mania 08 Cannot evaluate

  5. Giddy, childlike, inappropriately light 09 Not elicited



15. Response slowing

00 Normal or hyperactive 03 Severely slowed, nearly fully or mute

01 Mild slowing of response time 08 Cannot evaluate

02 Moderate slowing of response time 09 Not elicited


SENSATION




17. Neuropathy Symptoms

00 None


01 Mild distal paresthesia or pain not requiring more than occasional non-narcotic analgesics and not interfering with Activities of Daily Living

02 Moderate distal paresthesia/pain requiring daily non-narcotic

03 Severe distal paresthesia or pain requiring daily narcotic analgesic and substantially interfering with Activities of Daily Living

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited

HEADACHE




18. Headache

00 None or occasionally as before illness 03 Severe (daily, requiring narcotic analgesics)

01 Mild approximately I/week 08 Cannot evaluate

02 Moderate (nearly daily, requiring 09 Not elicited

repeated non-narcotic analgesics)
SEIZURES




19. Seizures

00 None


01 Single partial or generalized seizure

02 Repeated (<3/wk) partial or generalized seizures

03 Frequent (>4/wk) partial or generalized seizures

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited
CRANIAL NERVES




20. Retina

00 Normal

01 Cotton wool (AIDS) retinopathy

02 Hemorrhagic (presumed CMV retinopathy)

03 Other abnormality

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited
OCULAR MOTILITY
21. Smooth Pursuits (Have the participant follow finger a minimum of 2 times horizontally from side to side and 2 times vertically from up to down)

00 Normal

01 Mildly abnormal (mild cogwheeling)

02 Moderately - severely abnormal

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited


22. Saccades [Place finger in participant’s lateral field and ask participant to look at finger (without snapping finger) then your nose, alternating. Repeat for opposite lateral direction, as well as vertically (up and downward)]

00 Normal

01 Mildly abnormal (mild cogwheeling)

02 Moderately - severely abnormal

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited



STRENGTH
Strength score reflects worst major muscle group or groups. Scores of 0-3 refer to weakness related to ADC only. Test by asking patient to do a deep knee bend, walk on toes and heels, and hop on each foot.
23. Right Leg

00 Normal

01 Mild weakness (4/5)

02 Moderate weakness (3/5)

03 Severe weakness (2/5 or worse)

04 Other _______________________________________

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited






23a. Is weakness related to neuropathy?

00 No weakness found

01 No, neuropathy not present

02 No, neuropathy present, but not thought to be etiology of weakness

03 Yes, neuropathy somewhat affecting strength or measure of strength

04 Yes, neuropathy responsible for majority of finding.

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited






24. Left Leg

00 Normal

01 Mild weakness (4/5)

02 Moderate weakness (3/5)

03 Severe weakness (2/5 or worse)

04 Other _______________________________________

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited






24a. Is weakness related to neuropathy?

00 No weakness found

01 No, neuropathy not present

02 No, neuropathy present, but not thought to be etiology of weakness

03 Yes, neuropathy somewhat affecting strength or measure of strength

04 Yes, neuropathy responsible for majority of finding.

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited


COORDINATION




25. Gait Coordination (Test by asking subject to walk quickly down hall, turn rapidly and return)

00 Normal gait

01 Mild impairment (evident only on rapid turns or tandem)

02 Moderate impairment (clear difficulty of unassisted gait)

03 Severe impairment (walking only with assistance)

04 Non-ambulatory

05 Weakness precludes assessment of gait coordination

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited
26. Limb Coordination (Test by opposition of the first and second fingers, rapid wrist rotation, and rapid foot tapping)

00 Normal

01 Mild slowness or clumsiness (compared to examiner, the movement is slightly slower, fatigues or breaks down earlier)

02 Moderate slowness or clumsiness

03 Weakness precludes assessment of gait coordination

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited


REFLEXES
27. Deep Tendon Reflexes

00 Normal 05 Increased on one side

01 Increased in legs only 06 Other __________________________

02 Generalized increase 07 Depressed or absent ankle jerks only (o/w normal)

03 General decrease (most notably distally) 08 Cannot evaluate

04 Increased proximally and depressed distally 09 Not tested


28. Jaw Jerk

00 Absent

01 Present

02 Unusually brisk

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited






29. Snout Reflex

00 Absent

01 Present

02 Prominent

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited


NEUROPATHY




30. Severity of Sensory Loss

00 Normal

01 Mild impairment (e.g. increased threshold to position, vibration, or light touch in great toes)

02 Moderate impairment (e.g. decrease in position or vibration, pin or cold to ankles)

03 Severe impairment (e.g. decrease or loss of sensation to knees or wrists or comparable level)

08 Cannot evaluate

09 Not elicited




31. Severity of Neuropathy

00 None


01 Mild weakness or sensory impairment but independent ambulation and hand use

02 Moderate, needs assistance to ambulate, or with hand tasks

03 Severe, unable to ambulate or do hand tasks

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited




32. Type of Neuropathy

00 None


01 Predominantly distal sensory

02 Predominantly motor

03 Mixed distal

04 Mononeuritis or localized radiculopathy

05 Mononeuritis multiplex or polyradicutopathy

06 Other ______________________________

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited



MOTOR UPDRS EXAMINATION
33. Speech

00 Normal

01 Slight loss of expression, diction and/or volume

02 Monotone, slurred but understandable

03 Marked impairment, difficult to understand

04 Unintelligible

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited


34. Facial Expression

00 Normal

01 Slight hypomimia, could be normal "Poker Face"

02 Slight but definitely abnormal diminution of facial expression

03 Moderate hypomimia; lips parted some of the time

04 Masked or fixed face with severe or complete loss of facial expression; lips parted 1/4 inch or more

08 Cannot assess

0


00 Absent

01 Slight and infrequently present

02 Mild in amplitude and present most of the time

03 Moderate in amplitude and present most of the time

04 Marked in amplitude and present most of the time

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited
9 Not elicited
35a-e. Tremor at Rest (see scoring box)

35a. Face, lips, and chin


35b. Arm, right


35c. Arm, left




35d. Leg, right




3


00 Absent

01 Slight; present with action

02 Moderate in amplitude present with action only

03 Moderate in amplitude with posture holding as well as action

04 Marked in amplitude; interferes with feeding

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited
5e. Leg, left
36a-b. Action or Postural Tremor


a. RIGHT ARM


b. LEFT ARM

37a-e. Rigidity (Judged on passive movement of major joints with subject relaxed in sitting position.

Cogwheeling to be ignored. Performed with and without distraction; see scoring box)




3


00 Absent

01 Slight and infrequently present

02 Mild and present most of the time

03 Moderate and present most of the time

04 Marked and present most of the time

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited
7a. Neck,


37b. Arm, right




37c. Arm, left




37d. Leg, right




37e. Leg, left



38a-b. Finger Taps (Subject taps thumb with index finger in rapid succession with widest amplitude

possible, each hand separately)



00 Normal (15 or more/5 sec)

01 Mild slowing and/or reduction in amplitude (11-14/5 sec)

02 Moderately impaired. Definite and early fatiguing. May have occasional arrest in movement (7-10/5 sec)

03 Severely impaired. Frequent hesitation in initiating movements or arrests in ongoing movements (3-6/5 sec)

04 Can barely perform the task (0-2/5 sec)

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited

a. RIGHT FINGERS



b. LEFT FINGERS


39a-b. Hand Movements [Subject opens and closes hands in rapid succession with widest amplitude possible (full digit extension/flexion), each hand separately]


00 Normal

01 Mild slowing and/or reduction in amplitude

02 Moderately impaired. Definite and early fatiguing. May have occasional arrest in movement

03 Severely impaired. Frequent hesitation in initiating movements

04 Can barely perform the task

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited

a. RIGHT HAND




b. LEFT HAND



40a-b. Rapid Alternating Movements of Hands/Arms (Pronation-supination of hands, vertically or horizontally, with as large an amplitude as possible, both hands simultaneously)


a


00 Normal

01 Mild slowing and/or reduction in amplitude

02 Moderately impaired. Definite and early fatiguing. May have occasional arrest in movement

03 Severely impaired. Frequent hesitation in initiating movements

04 Can barely perform the task

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited
. RIGHT ARM


b. LEFT ARM



41a-b. Leg Agility (with knees bent, subject taps heel on ground in rapid succession, picking up entire leg. Amplitude should be about 3 inches.)


00 Normal

01 Mild slowing and/or reduction in amplitude

02 Moderately impaired. Definite and early fatiguing. May have occasional arrest in movement

03 Severely impaired. Frequent hesitation in initiating movements or arrests

04 Can barely perform the task

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited

a. RIGHT LEG




b. LEFT LEG



42. Arising from chair (subject attempts to arise from a straight back wood or metal chair, with arms folded across chest)

00 Normal

01 Slow; or may need more than one attempt

02 Pushes self up from arms of seat

03 Tends to fall back and may have to try more than one time, but can get up without help

04 Unable to arise without help

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited






43. Posture

00 Normal

01 Not quite erect, slightly stooped posture; could be normal for older person

02 Moderately stooped posture, definitely abnormal; can be leaning slightly to one side

03 Severely stooped posture with kyphosis; can be leaning moderately to one side

04 Marked flexion with extreme abnormality of posture

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited


44. Gait

00 Normal

01 Walks slowly, may shuffle with short steps

02 Walks with difficulty, but requires little or no assistance

03 Severe disturbance of gait, requiring assistance

04 Cannot walk at all even with assistance

05 Spastic

06 Circumductive

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited


45. Postural Stability (Response to sudden posterior displacement produced by pull on shoulders while subject is erect, with eyes open and feet slightly apart. Subject is prepared.)

00 Normal (2 or less steps)

01 Retropulsion, but recovers unaided

02 Absence of postural response; would fall if not caught by examiner

03 Very unstable, tends to lose balance spontaneously

04 Unable to stand without assistance

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited


46. Body Bradykinesias and Hypokinesia (Combining slowness, hesitance, decreased arm swing, small amplitude and poverty of movement in general)

00 None


01 Minimal slowness, giving movement a deliberate character; could be normal for some persons. Possibly reduced amplitude

02 Mild degree of slowness and poverty of movement which is definitely abnormal

03 Moderate slowness, poverty or small amplitude of movement

04 Marked slowness, poverty or small amplitude of movement

08 Cannot assess

09 Not elicited



SUMMARY




47a. Is peripheral neuropathy present? 00 No 01 Yes




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